§108. REQUIREMENT OF NAMING OR DESCRIBING POMISOR AND PROMISEE
必须指明或描述允诺人和受允诺人
 
A promise under seal is not binding without consideration unless both the promisor and promisee are named in the document or so described as to be capable of identification when it is delivered.
 除非允诺人和受允诺人在允诺文书中 被指明或在交付允诺时被认为是有识别能力的，否则没有约因的盖印允诺不具 有约束力。
 
§109.ENFORCEMENT OF A SEALED CONTRACT BY PROMISEE WHO DOES NO T SIGN OR SEAL IT
受允诺人没有签字或盖印而对盖印合同之执行
 
The promisee of a promise under seal is not precluded from enforcing it as a sealed contract because he has not signed or sealed the document, unless his doing so was a condition of the delivery, whether or not the document contain s a promise by him.
如果一个盖印允诺之受允诺人没有签字或盖印，则他仍然有权执行该盖印合同，除非受允诺人如此之行为属交付条件之一，而不论该文书中是否包含有受允诺人之允诺。
 
 CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章  防止欺诈条例
§110. CLASSES OF CONTRACTS COVERED防止欺诈条例所涉及到的合同种类
 
(1) The following classes of contracts are subject to a statute, commonly called the Statute of Frauds, forbidding enforcement unless there is a written memorandum or an applicable exception:
下列种类的合同受通常被称为是防止欺诈条例的法令的制约，不得加以执行，除非有书面的备忘录或是可适用的例外情况：
 
(a) a contract of an executor or administrator to answer for a duty of his decedent (the executor administrator provision);
遗产管理人为死者偿还 债务之合同（遗产管理人之条款）；
 
(b) a contract to answer for the duty of another (the suretyship provison);
为他人偿还债务之合同（保证条款）；
 
(c) a contract made upon consideration of marriage( the marriage provision);
  以婚姻为约因之合同（婚姻条款）；
 
 (d) a contract for the sale of an interest in land (the land contract provision);
土地及土地利益买卖或设定负担之合同（土地合同条款）；
 
(e) a contract that is not to be performed within one year from the making thereof (the one-year provision).
 一年之内不能履行完成之合同（一年期限的条款）。
 
(2) The following classes of contracts, which were traditionally subject to the Statute of Frauds, are now governed by Statute of Frauds provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code:
下列种类的合同，过去受防止欺诈条例的调整，现在则受统一商法典中防止欺诈条款的调整：
 
(a) a contract for the sale of goods for the price of $500 or more (Uniform Commercial Code §2-201);
价值为 500 美元或高于 500 美元的货物买卖合同（统一商法典§2-201）；
 
(b) a contract for the sale of securities( Uniform Commercial Code§8-319);
证券买卖合同（统一商法典§8-319）；
 
(c) a contract for the sale of personal property not otherwise covered, to the extent of enforcement by way of action or defense beyond $5,000 in amount or value of remedy (Uniform Commercial Code §1-206)
 其他法令中没有涉及到的，救济金额或价值超过 5000 美元，通过诉讼或者抗辩予以执行的动产买卖合同（统一商法典§1-206）。
 
(3) In addition the Uniform Commercial Code requires a writing signed by the debtor for an agreement which creates or provides for a security interest in personal property or fixtures not in the possession of the secured party.
 另外，统一商法典规定由债权人书面签署一个协议，该协议对被担保人并不享有的动产或固定设备创设或规定了一个担保利益。
 
 (4) Statutes in most states provide that no acknowledgement or promise is sufficient evidence of a new or continuing contract to take a case out of the operation of a statute of limitations unless made in some writing signed by the party to be charged, but t hat the statute does not alter the effect of any payment of principal or interest.
 许多州的法令规定承诺或允诺并非新合同或连续合同存在的充分证据，从 而免受时效法的调整，除非该合同由一方当事人为支付而出面签署，但是时效 法并不改变本金或利息的支付效力。
 
 (5) In many states other classes of contracts are subject to a requirement of a writing.
对其他种类合同，许多州的法令只要求采用书面形式。
 
TOPIC 1. THE EXECUTOR-ADMINISTRATOR PROVISION
主题一  遗产管理人之条款
 
§111. CONTRACT OF EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR遗产管理人之合同
 
A contract of an executor or administrator to answer personally for a duty of h is decedent is within the statute of Frauds if a similar contract to answer for t he duty of a living person would be within the Statute as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果一个为生存者偿还债务之类似合同，作为为他人偿还债务之合同而受防止欺诈条例调整，则遗产管理人之合同应受防止欺诈条例调整。
 
TOPIC 2. THE SURETYSHIP PROVISION主题二  保证条款
 
§112. REQUIREMENT OF SURESHIP保证要求
 
A contract is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another unless the promisee is an obligee of the other’s duty, the promisor is a surety for the other, and the promisee knows or has reason to know o f the suretyship relation.
为他人偿还债务之合同并不受防止欺诈条例的调整，除非受允诺人是他方当事人义务的债务人，允诺人是他方当事人的保证人，并且受允诺人知道或有理由知道保证关系的存在。
 
§113. PROMISES OF THE SAME PERFORMANCE FOR THE SAME CONSIDERATION
为相同约因而为相同履行行为之允诺
 
When promises of the same performance are made by two persons for a consideration which inures to the benefit of only one of them, the promise of the other is within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of an other, whether or not the promise is in terms conditional on default by the on e to whose benefit the consideration inures, unless
如果相同履行行为之允诺是由两个 人为一个约因而作出，而该约因只对其中的一人有利，则另一方的允诺则为为 他人偿还债务之允诺而受防止欺诈条例的调整，不管该允诺之条款是否取决于一方当事人对约因受益方实施违约，除非
 
(a) the other is not a surety for the one to whose benefit the consideration inures; or
他方当事人并非约因受益方之保证人；或
 
(b) the promises are in terms joint and do not create several duties or joint an d several duties; or
允诺的条款具有共同性，并不能创设数种责任或连带责任；或
 
(c) the promisee neither knows nor has reason to know that the consideration does not inure to the benefit of both promisors.
 受允诺人不知道或没有理由知道该约因并不对两个允诺人有利。
 
 
§114 INDEPENDENT DUTY OF PROMISOR允诺人之独立责任
 
A contract to perform or otherwise to satisfy all or part of a duty of a third per son to the promisee is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another if, by the terms of the promise when it is made, performance thereof can involve no more than
如果依据作出允诺时的条款，合同的履行行为只涉及到下列情形，则履行或以其他方式偿还第三人对受允诺人全部或部分债务之合同不受防止欺诈条例的调整：
 
(a) the application of funds or property held by the promisor for the purpose, or
使用允诺人为此目的持有的资金或财产，
 
(b) performance of any other duty owing, irrespective of his promise, by the promisor to the promisee, or
允诺人对受允诺人之履行任何其他与其允诺无关的义务，或
 
(c) performance of a duty which is either owing, irrespective of his promise, by the promisor to the third person, or which the promisee reasonably believes to be owing.
允诺人对第三人履行与其允诺无关的义务或受允诺人合理地认为允诺人应承担义务之履行。
 
§115. NOVATION债务更新
 
A contract that is itself accepted in satisfaction of a previously existing duty of a third person to the promisee is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果合同本身之所以被接受是因为第三人对受要约人履行了既存义务，则该为他人偿还债务之合同不受防止欺诈条例调整。
 
§116.MAIN PRUPOSE; ADVANTAGE TO SURETY主要目的；保证的利益
A contract that all or part of a duty of a third person to the promisee shall be satisfied is not within the Statute of Frauds as a promise to answer for the dut y of another if the consideration for the promise is in fact or apparently desire d by the promisor mainly for his own economic advantage, rather than in order to benefit the third person. If, however, the consideration is merely a premium for insurance, the contract is within the Statute.
如果允诺的约因在事实上或表面上是允诺人主要为自身经济利益而为，并非为了第三人的利益，则第三人对受允诺人全部或部分责任之履行，作为为他人偿还债务之允诺并不受防止欺诈条例的调整。但是，如果该约因仅仅只是为保险费的支付，则该合同应受防止欺诈条例的调整。
 
§117. PROMISE TO SIGN A WRITTEN CONTRACT OF SURETYSHIP
签署一个书面保证合同之允诺
 
A promise to sign a written contract as a surety for the performance of a duty owed to the promisee or to sign a negotiable instrument for the accommodation of a person other than the promisee is within the Statute of Frauds
如果为保证对受要约人履行义务而签署一书面合同，或者为了非受允诺人之便利而签署一可转让票据，则由此作出的允诺并不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
§118. PROMISE TO INDEMNIFY A SURETY为保证作出赔偿之允诺
 
A promise to indemnify against liability or loss made to induce the promise to become a surety is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果一个允诺是为了赔偿允诺人为了诱使受允诺人变成保证人而导致的责任或损失，则作为为他人偿还债务之合同，该允诺并不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
 
§119.ASSUMPTION OF DUTY BY ANOTHER他人承担的责任
 
A contract not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another when made is not brought within it by a subsequent promise of another person to assume performance of the duty as principal obligor.
如果为他人偿还债务之合同在缔结时并不受防止欺诈条例之调整，则不得通过他人以后允诺承担其作为主债务人之债务履行，将此合同列入防止欺诈条例的 调整范围。
 
§120. OBLIGATIONS ON NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT基于可转让票据所生的义务
 
(1) An obligation on a negotiable instrument or a guaranty written on the instrument is not within the Statute of Frauds.
基于可转让票据所生之义务或记于该票据上之担保并不受防止欺诈条例调整
 
(2) A promise to pay a negotiable instrument, made by a party who has been or may be discharged by the holder’s failure or delay in making presentment o r giving notice of dishonor or in making protest, is not within the Statute of Frauds.
如果由于持票人没有或延迟提示票据或发出了不予承兑或提出抗议的通知，一方当事人已经或可以解除承兑的义务，则其承兑票据的允诺不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
 
§121. CONTRACT OF ASSIGNOR OR FACTOR让与人或代理人合同
 
(1) A contract by the assignor of a right that the obligor of the assigned right will perform his duty is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果权利让与人缔结合同，规定被转让权利的义务人应履行债务，则作为为他人偿还债务之合同，其并不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
 
(2) A contract by an agent with his principal that a purchaser of the principal’s goods through the agent will pay their price to the principal is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
如果代理人与委 托人缔结合同，规定通过代理人而为购买之购买人应向委托人支付价款，则作 为为他人偿还债务之合同，其并不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
 
§122. CONTRACT TO BUY A RIGHT FROM THE OBLIGEE向债权人购买权利的合同
 
 
A contract to purchase a right which the promisee has or may acquire against a third person is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for t he duty of another.
如果一个合同是为购买受允诺人享有的或可以获得的对第三人的权利，则该合同不属于防止欺诈条例中的作为为他人偿还债务之合同。
 
§123. CONTRACT TO DISCHARGE THE PROMISEE’S DUTY解除受要约人债务之合同
 
A contract to discharge a duty owed by the promisee to a third person is not within the Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the duty of another.
解除受要约人对第三人所负之债务之合同，作为为他人偿还债务之合同，不受防止欺诈条例之调整。
 
TOPIC 3. THE MARRIAGE PROVISION主题三 婚姻条款
 
§124. CONTRACT MADE UPON CONSIDERATION OF MARRIAGE
 
A promise for which all or part of the consideration is either marriage or a promise to marry is within the Statute of Frauds, except in the case of an agreement which consists only of mutual promises of two persons to marry each other.
基于婚姻之约因而缔结的合同 如果一个允诺之全部或部分约因为婚姻或结婚的允诺，则该允诺属于防止欺诈条例调整的范围，但是如果一个合同只是由结婚双方的相互允诺构成，则该合同不适用防止欺诈条例。
 
TOPIC 4.THE LAND CONTRACT PROVISION主题四 土地合同条款
 
§125. CONTRACT TO TRANSFER, BUY, OR PAY FRO AN INTEREST IN LAND
转让、购买或支付土地利益之合同
 
(1) A promise to transfer to any person any interest in land within the Statute of Frauds.
向任何人转让土地利益之允诺属于防止欺诈条例的调整范围。
 
(2) A promise to buy any interest in land is within the Statute of Frauds, irrespective of the person to whom the transfer is to be made.
不管土地利益将转让于何人，仍为购买该利益之允诺属于防止欺诈条例的调整范围。
 
(3) When a transfer of an interest in land has been made, a promise to pay th e price, if originally within the Statute of Frauds, ceases to be within it unless the promised price is itself in whole or in part an interest in land.
允诺人支付价款之允诺如果起初是受防止欺诈条例调整，那么，当土地利益业已转让，则该允诺不再受其调整，除非被允诺的价款本身就是全部或部分的土地利益。
 
(4) Statutes in most states except from the land contract and one-year provisions of the Statute of Frauds short-term leases and contracts to lease, usually for a term not longer than one year.
 许多州的法令，除了防止欺诈条例中的土地合同和一年完成期 限合同外，短期租赁合同之期限不超过一年。
 
§126. CONTRACT TO PROCURE TRANSFER OR TO ACT AS AGENT
获得或代理他人获得土地转让利益之合同
 
(1) A contract to procure the transfer of an interest in land by a person other than the promisor is within the Statute of Frauds.
非允诺人购买土地转让利益之合同不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
 
(2) A contract to act as agent for another in endeavoring to procure the transf er of any interest in land by someone other than the promisor is not within th e Statute of Frauds as a contract for the sale of an interest in land.
非允诺人代理他人购买土地转让利益之合同，作为一种土地利益买卖合同，并不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
 
§127. INTEREST IN LAND土地利益
An interest in land within the meaning of the Statute is any right, privilege, power or immunity, or combination thereof, which is an interest in land under the law of property and is not “goods” within the Uniform Commercial Code.
防止欺诈条例中所称的土地利益指任何权利、特权、权力或豁免或前述各项的组合，它是财产法中所指的土地利益，而并非统一商法典中的“货物”。
 
§128. BOUNDARY AND PARTITION AGREEMENT土地划界和分割合同
(1) A contract between owners of adjoining tracts of land fixing a dividing boundary is within the Statute of Frauds but if the location of the boundary was honestly disputed the contract becomes enforceable notwithstanding the Statute when the agreed boundary has been marked or has been recognized m the subsequent use of the tracts.
相邻地界之土地所有人划分界限的合同应属于防止欺诈条例规定之范围，但是如果当事人就地界之划分产生争议，尽管防止欺诈条例作出了规定，但是如果以后土地的使用者已经标注或已经认可了达成的界限，则该合同具有强制执行力。
 
(2) A contract by joint tenants or tenants in common to partition land into separate for each tenant is within the Statute of Frauds but becomes enforceable notwithstanding the Statute as to each tract when possession of it is taken in severalty in accordance with the agreement.
共同共有人划分土地的合同应属于防止欺诈条例规定之范围，但是如果双方协议共有人独立所有每一块土地，则虽然防止欺诈条例作出了规定，该合同具有强制执行力。
 
§129. ACTION IN RELIANCE; SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE基于信赖行事；强制履行
A contract for the transfer of an interest in land may be specifically enforced notwithstanding failure to comply with the Statute of Frauds if it is established t hat the party seeking enforcement, in reasonable reliance on the contract and on the continuing assent of the party against whom enforcement is sought, h as so changed his position that injustice can be avoided only by specific enforcement.
为转让土地利益而缔结的合同，如果请求执行的一方当事人由于对该合同以及对方当事人持续同意之合理信赖而变更其主张，导致只有强制执行才能避免不公正的情况下，该合同可以被强制履行，尽管可能与防止欺诈条例的规定不相符合。
 
TOPIC 5. THE ONE-YEAR PROVISION主题五 一年完成期限的合同
 
§130. CONTRACT NOT TO BE PERFORMED WITHIN A YEAR
一年之内不能履行完成之合同
 
(1) Where any promise in a contract cannot be fully performed within a year from the time the contract is made, all promises in the contract are within the Statute of Frauds until one party to the contract completes his performance.
如果合同的允诺在合同缔结之日起一年的时间内不能完成履行，则在一方当事人完成履行之前，该合同中的所有允诺都应属于防止欺诈条例规定的范围之内。
 
(2) When one party to a contract has completed his performance, the one-yea r provision of the Statute does not prevent enforcement of the promises of other parties.
如果合同的一方当事人完成了履行行为，则防止欺诈条例有关一年的完成期限规定并不阻止他方当事人执行该合同的允诺。
 
TOPIC 6. SATISFACTION OF THE STATUTE BY A MEMORANDUM
主题六  以备忘录适用防止欺诈条例
 
§131. GENERAL REQUISITES OF A MEMORANDUM备忘录的一般要求
Unless additional requirements are prescribed by the particular statute, a contract within the Statute of Frauds is enforceable if it is evidenced by any writing, signed by or on behalf of the party to be charged, which
除非特别法规定了额外的条件，防止欺诈条例规定范围内的合同是可以强制执行的，如果该合同是以书面形式缔结，并且由被要求强制执行的一方当事人或 其代表人签署，同时：
 
(a) reasonably identifies the subject matter of the contract, 合理地确定了合同的标的，
 
(b) is sufficient to indicate that a contract with respect thereto has been made between the parties or offered by the signer to the other party, and
充分地表明双方当事人已经缔结了与本合同相关的合同或者签字人已经向他方当事人发出缔结合同的要约，和
 
(c) states with reasonable certainty the essential terms of the unperformed promises in the contract.
以合理的确定性陈述了合同中未履行允诺的重要条款。
 
§132. SEVERAL WRITINGS数个书面文本
 
The memorandum may consist of several writings if one of the writing is signed and the writings in the circumstances clearly indicate that they relate to the same transaction.
如果一个书面文本被签署之后，在此情况下的书面文本清楚地表明它们所指向的是相同的交易行为，则备忘录中可以包含数个书面文本。
 
§133. MEMORANDUM NOT MADE AS SUCH未按此方式制作的备忘录
Except in the case of a writing evidencing a contract upon consideration of marriage, the Statute may be satisfied by a signed writing not made as a memorandum of a contract.
除了表明合同是以婚姻为约因的书面文本外，签署一个非以合同备忘录形式制作的书面文书并不违反防止欺诈条例。
 
§134. SIGNATURE签字
The signature to a memorandum may be any symbol made or adopted with a n intention, actual or apparent, to authenticate the writing as that of the signer.
备忘录可以用能在事实上或表面上表明签字人即为文书制作人的意图的符号来签署。
 
§135. WHO MUST SIGN谁必须签字
where a memorandum of a contract within the Statute is signed by fewer than all parties to the contract and the Statute is not otherwise satisfied, the cont ract is enforceable against the signers but not against the others.
如果防止欺诈条例规定范围之内的合同备忘录是由部分合同当事人签署的，与防止欺诈条例的规定不符，则该合同只对签字人，而非其他人具有强制执行力。
 
§136. TIME OF MEMORANDUM备忘录制作和签署的时间
A memorandum sufficient to satisfy the Statute may be made or signed at any time before or after the formation or the contract.
按照防止欺诈条例，应在合同成立之前或之后的任何时间制作或签署备忘录。
 
§137. LOSS OR DESTRUCTION OF A MEMERANDUM备忘录的毁损或灭失
The loss or destruction of a memorandum does not deprive it of effect under t he Statute.
备忘录的毁损或灭失并不影响其依据防止欺诈条例所应有的法律效力。
 
TOPIC 7. CONSEQUENTCES OF NON-CONPLIANCE
主题七  与防止欺诈条例不符合时的法律后果
 
§138. UNENFORCEABILITY不得强制履行
Where a contract within the Statute of Frauds is not enforceable against the p arty to be charged by and action against him, it is not enforceable by a set-off or counterclaim in an action brought by him, or as a defense to a claim by hi m.
如果防止欺诈条例规定范围内之合同对于被申请执行或提起诉讼之当事人是不可执行的，则该合同不得因被告反诉或于诉讼中主张抵消而具有执行力。
 
§139.ENFORCEMENT BY VIRTUE OF ACTION IN RELIANCE
由于信赖而为行为所具有的可执行性
 
(1) A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action o r forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does in duce the action or forbearance is enforceable notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement
of the promise. The remedy granted for breach is to be limited as justice requires.
如果允诺人应当合理地预见到其允诺会使受允诺人或第三人实施作为或不作为，并且该允诺的确导致了这样的作为或不作为，那么，如果只有执行该允 诺才能避免不公正，那么该允诺应具有执行力，尽管防止欺诈条例可能有不同 的规定。违反允诺之救济应限制在公正所要求的范围之内。
 
(2) In determining whether injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise, the following circumstances are significant:
在确定是否只有通过执行该允诺才可以避免不公正时，下列情形至关重要：
 
(a) the availability and adequacy of other remedies, particularly cancellation and restitution;
其他救济方式，尤其是取消允诺或恢复原状是否具有可适用性和充足性；
 
(b) the definite and substantial character of the action or forbearance in relation to the remedy sought;
与被寻求救济相关的作为或不作为之含义和重要特征；
 
(c) the extent to which the action or forbearance corroborates evidence of the making and terms of the promise, or the making and terms are otherwise established by clear and convincing evidence;
该作为或不作为行为为允诺之发出或允诺条款之存在提供确证的限度，或者是否其他清楚和令人信服的证据可以证明允诺之发出或允诺条款之存在；
 
(d) the reasonableness of the action or forbearance;
该作为或不作为行为是否具有合理性；
 
(e) the extent to which the action or forbearance was foreseeable by the pro misor.
  允诺人可预见的该作为或不作为行为的范围。
 
§140. DEFENSE OF FAILURE TO PERFORM不履行之抗辩
The Statute of Frauds does not invalidate defenses based on the plaintiff’s failure to perform a condition of his claim or defenses based on his present or prospective breach of the contract he seeks to enforce.
如果原告没有履行其权利主张的一个前提条件或者现在或可能在将来违反他所请求执行的合同，则依据防止欺诈条例，被告由此提出的抗辩有效。
 
§141.ACTION FOR VALUE OF PERFORMANCE UNDER UNENFORCEABLE
 CONTRACT
以不可执行合同项下之履行为对价的行为
 
(1) in an action for the value of performance under a contract, except as state d in Subsection (2), the Statute of Frauds does not invalidate any defense which would be available if the contract were enforceable against both parties.
在以合同之履行为对价的行为中，除了(2)小节的规定外，如果该合同对于双方当事人来说都是不可执行 的，则依据防止欺诈条例，任何可适用的抗辩均有效。
 
(2) Where a party to a contract which is unenforceable against him refuses either to perform the contract or to sign a sufficient memorandum, the other par ty is justified in suspending any performance for which he has not already received the agreed return, and such a suspension is not a defense in an action f or the value of performance rendered before the suspension.
如果合同对于一方当事人是不可执行的，那么，如果该当事人拒绝履行合同或拒绝签署充分的备忘录，则另一方当事人有权暂停其为之还未获得双方已达成的回报的行为，并且该暂停行为并非是以暂停之前合同之履行为对价之行 为中的一个抗辩。
 
§142. TORT LIABILITY FOR ACTS UNDER UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT
基于不可执行的合同而实施行为所导致的侵权责任
Where because of the existence of an contract conduct would not be tortuous unenforceability of the contract under the Statute of Frauds does not make the conduct tortuous if it occurs without notice of repudiation of the contract.
如果一个合同行为并不属于侵权行为，并且在该行为发生时当事人没有收到毁弃合同的通知书，则如果依据防止欺诈条例该合同具有不可执行性，该行为也 不能被认为是侵权行为。
 
§143. UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT AS EVIDENCE作为证据的不可执行合同
Only a party to a contract or a transferee or successor of a party to the contra ct can assert that the contract is unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds
只有合同的一方当事人或一方当事人的受让人或继任人才可以依据防止欺诈条例主张该合同是不可执行的。
 
§144. EFFECT OF UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT AS TO THIRD PARTIES
不可执行合同对第三人的效力
 
Only a party to a contract or a transferee or successor of a party to the contra ct can assert that the contract is unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds.
 只有合同的一方当事人或一方当事人的受让人或继任人才可以依据防止欺诈条例主张该合同是不可执行的。
 
§145. EFFECT OF FULL PERFORMANCE完全履行的效力
Where the promises in a contract have been fully performed by all parties, theStatute of Frauds does not affect the legal relations of the parties.
如果双方当事人全部履行其合同义务，则防止欺诈条例并不影响当事人之间的法律关系。
 
146. RIGHTS OF COMPETING TRANSFEREES OF PROPERTY竞争受让财产的权利
 
(1) Where a contract to transfer property or a transfer was unenforceable against the transferor under the Statute of Frauds but subsequently becomes enforceable, the contract or transfer has whatever priority it would have had aside from the Statute of Frauds over an interveing contract by the transferor to transfer the same property to a third person.
如果依据防止欺诈条例，转让人不得执行转让财产的合同或实施转让行为，但是后来转让人又可以执行该合同或实施该行为，则该合同或转让行为应较转让人向第三人转让相同财产的合同享有除防止欺诈条例规定之外的优先权。
 
(2) If the third person obtains title to the property by an enforceable transaction before the prior contract becomes enforceable, the prior contract is unenforceable against him and dose not affect his title.
如果第三人在原有的合同具有可执行力之前，通过可执行转让获得了财产的所有权，则该原有合同在此之前具有不可执行性的事实并不影响他获得的财产权。
 
§147. CONTRACT CONNTAINING MULTIPLE PROMISES包含有多个允诺的合同
 
(1) Where performance of the promises in a contract which subject it to the Statute of Frauds is exclusively beneficial to one party, that party by agreeing t o forego the performance may render the remainder of the contract enforceable, but this rule does not apply to a contract to transfer property on the promisor’s death.
如果履行防止欺诈条例中规定的合同中的多个允诺对一方当事人具有排他性的利益，那么，该当事人如果同意先于履行合同，则他可以指出合同的剩余 部分也是可执行的，但是这一规则不得适用于由于允诺人死亡而转让其财产的合同。
 
(2) Where the promises in a contract which subject it to the Statute have become enforceable or where the duty to perform them has been discharged by performance or otherwise, the statute does not prevent enforcement of the remaining promises.
如果受防止欺诈条例制约之合同的允诺具有可执行性，或者如果履行这些允诺的义务已经通过履行行为或其他方式被解除，则该条例并不阻止剩余允诺的执行。
 
(3) Except as stated in this section, where some of the unperformed promises in a contract are unenforceable against a party under the Statute of Frauds, al l the promises in the contract are unenforceable against him.
除本节的规定外，如果合同中一些未履行的允诺依据防止欺诈条例对一方当事人而言是不可执行的，则该合同所有的允诺对之均具有不可执行性。
 
§148. RESCISSION BY ORAL AGREEMENT通过口头约定解除合同义务
 
Notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds, all unperformed duties under an enforceable contract may be discharged by oral agreement of rescission. The Statute may, however, apply to a contract to rescind a transfer of property.
虽然防止欺诈条例有所规定，但是一个可执行合同项下的所有未履行的义务可 以通过口头约定解除。但是，该条例仍然可以适用于合同，用以废除财产的转让行为。
 
  §149. ORAL MODIFICATION口头修订
(1) For the purpose of determining whether the Statute of Frauds applies to a contract modifying but not rescinding a prior contract, the second contract is treated as containing the originally agreed terms as modified. The statute may, however, apply independently of the original terms of a contract to modify a transfer of property.
在确定是否将防止欺诈条例适用于合同修订但并不废除先前合同时，第二个合同修订时被认为包含了最初达成一致的条款。但是该条例可以独立地适用于合同的最初条款用以修订财产转让行为。
 
(2) Where the second contract is unenforceable by virtue of the Statute of Frauds and there has been no material change of position in reliance on it, the prior contract is not modified.
如果依据防止欺诈条例，第二个合同是不可执行的，并且双方当事人对于合同的信赖没有重大的变更，则先前的合同并没有被修订。
 
§150. RELIANCE ON ORAL MODIFICATION对口头修订之信赖
 
Where the parties to an enforceable contract subsequently agree that all or p art or a duty need not be performed or of a condition need not occur, the Statute of Frauds does not prevent enforcement of the subsequent agreement if reinstatement of the original terms would be unjust in view of a material change of position in reliance on the subsequent agreement.
如果一个可执行合同之当事人事后认为全部或部分的合同义务并不需要履行或 履行全部或部分合同义务的条件没有必要成就，那么，如果由于对事后协议信赖之主张的重大变更，恢复原有的合同条款有失公正，则防止欺诈条例并不阻止事后协议的执行。
 
CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章  错误
 
§151. MISTAKE DEFINED 错误的定义
A mistake is a belief that is not in accord with the facts.
错误就是合同当事人对客观事实的一种误解。
 
§152. WHEN MISTAKE OF BOTH PARTIES MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
在何种情况下，双方当事人之错误可以使合同被撤消
 
(1) where a mistake of both parties at the time a contract was made as to a basic assumption on which the contract was made has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances, the contract is voidable by the adversely affected party unless he bears the risk of the mistake under the rule stated in §154.
如果合同当事人在缔约时对合同缔结的基本假定有错误的认识，并且该错误对双方已达成的履行行为的交换有重大影响，则受到不利影响的一方当事人可以撤消该合同，除非他承担了§154 所要求承担的错误的风险。
 
(2) In determining whether the mistake has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances, account is taken of any relief by way of reformation restitution, or otherwise.
在确定该错误是否对双方已达成的履行行为的交换有重大影响时，应考虑通过重新订立合同、回复原状或其他方式所获得的救济。
 
§153. WHEN MISTAKE OF ONE PARTY MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
在何种情况下，一方当事人之错误可以使合同被撤消
 
Where a mistake of one party at the time a contract was made as to a basic assumption on which he made the contract has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances that is adverse to him, the contract is voidable by him if he does not bear risk of the mistake under the rule stated in §154, and
如果一方当事人在订立合同时就合同的一个基本假定认识错误，而且该错误对已经达成的对其不利的履行行为有着重大的影响，则如果该当事人不承担§154节所规定的错误风险，并且有以下情形的时候，其可以撤消该合同：
 
(a) the effect of the mistake is such that enforcement of the contract would b e unconscionable, or
该错误导致继续执行该合同是不合理的，或
 
(b) the other party had reason to know of the mistake or his fault caused the mistake.
 他方当事人有理由知道该错误或者该错误是由他方当事人的错误造成的。
 
§154. WHEN A PARTY BEARS THE RISK OF A MISTAKE A party bears the risk of a mistake when
当事人何时承担错误的风险 在下列情况下，一方当事人承担错误的风险：
 
(a) the risk is allocated to him by agreement of the parties, or
依据双方约定他所承担的风险，或
 
(b) he is aware, at the time the contract is made, that he has only limited knowledge with respect to the facts to which he mistake relates but relates his limited knowledge as sufficient, or
在缔约时，该当事人知道其对事实的认识有限，
 
(c) the risk is allocated to him by the court on the ground that it is reasonable in the circumstances to do so .
 法院认为在此情况下该当事人所承担的合理风险。
 
§155. WHEN MISTAKE OF BOTH PARTIES AS TO WRITTEN EXPRESSION JUST IF REFORMATION
双方当事人就书面意思表示发生错误在何种情况下可以重新缔结合同
 
Where a writing that evidences or embodies an agreement in whole or in part fails to express the agreement because of a mistake of both parties as to the contents or effect of the writing, the court may at the request of a party reform the writing to express the agreement, except to the extent that rights of thi rd parties such as good faith purchasers for value will be unfairly affected.
如果由于双方当事人就书面文书的内容或效力存在错误认识，该书面文书并没有完全或部分地反映当事人所达成的一致意思，那么，法院可以应一方当事人的请求，重新制作该书面文书以反映当事人的意思表示，但是如果第三人比如善意购买人之权利为此会受到不利影响的情况除外。
 
§156. MISTAKE AS TO CONTRACT WITHIN THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS
与防止欺诈条例所规定范围内之合同有关的错误
 
If reformation of a writing is otherwise appropriate, it is not precluded by the fact that the contract is within the Statute of Frauds.
如果重新订立合同在其他方面是适当的，则即使该合同属于防止欺诈条例所规定范围内之合同，也不能因此而排除对合同的重新修订。
 
  §157. EFFECT OF FAULT OF PARTY SEEKING RELIEF寻求救济方错误的效力
A mistaken party’s failing to know or disclose the facts before making the contract does not bar him from avoidance or reformation under the rules stated in this Chapter, unless his fault amounts to a failure to act in good faith and in accordance with reasonable standards of fair dealing.
除其过失构成未依善意且公平之标准而行为外，一犯错误之当事人于合同作成之前未能知悉或发现事实真相之过失，不阻止其依规定而为撤消或重作之行为。
 
§158. RELIEF INCLUDING RESTITUTION包含恢复原状的救济
(1) in any case governed by the rules stated in this Chapter, either party may have a claim for relief including restitution under the rules stated in §§240 an d 376.
在适用本章所规定之规则的任何情况下，任何当事人可以依据 §§240 和 376中所规定的规则主张包括恢复原状的救济。
 
(2) In any case governed by the rules stated in this Chapter, if those rules tog ether with the rules stated in Chapter 16 will not avoid injustice, the court ma y grant relief on such terms as justice requires including protection of the parties’ reliance interests.
在适用本章所规定之规则的任何情况下，如果这些规则连同第十六章所规定的规则无法避免不公正，则法院可以将按照公平要求给予救济，包括保护当 事人之信赖利益。
 
CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE
第七章  虚假的意思表示，胁迫以及不当影响
 
TOPIC 1. MISREPRESENTATION主题一  虚假的意思表示
 
§159. MISREPRESENTATION DEFINED虚假意思表示的定义
A misrepresentation is an assertion that is not in accord with the facts.
虚伪的意思表示就是合同当事人所作的与事实不符的陈述。
 
§160. WHEN ACTION IS EQUIVALENT TO AN ASSERTATION (CONCEALMENT) Action intended or known to be likely to prevent another from learning a fact is equivalent to an assertion that the fact does not exist.
行为何时等同于虚假陈述当事人意在或明知有可能阻止他人了解事实的行为相当于其作出了虚假的陈述。
 
§161. WHEN NON-DISCLOSURE IS EQUIVALENT TO AN ASSERTION
隐瞒事实之行为何时等同于虚假的陈述
 
A person’s non-disclosure of a fact known to him is equivalent to an assertion that the fact does not exist in the following cases only:
只有在下列情况下，如果当事人隐瞒已知的事实，则等于他作出了虚假的陈述：
 
(a) where he knows that disclosure of the fact is necessary to prevent some previous assertion from being a misrepresentation or from being fraudulent or material.
如果当事人明知透漏事实可以阻止先前的陈述成为虚假的、欺诈的或重要的意思表示。
 
(b) Where he knows that disclosure of the fact would correct a mistake of the other party as to a basic assumption on which that party is making the contra ct and if non-disclosure of the fact amounts to a failure to act in good faith an d in accordance with reasonable standards of fair dealing.
如果当事人明知他方当事人对于缔结合同的一个基本假设存在错误认识，而对其透漏事实可以纠正该错误，并且隐瞒事实构成未依善意且公平之标准而行为。
 
(c) Where he knows that disclosure of the fact would correct a mistake of the other party as to the contents or effect of a writing, evidencing or embodying an agreement in whole or in part.
如果当事人明知他方当事人对于能全部或部分证明或体现合意存在的书面文书之内容或效力存在错误认识，对其透漏事实可以纠正该错误。
 
(d) Where the other person is entitled to know the fact because of a relation of trust and confidence between them.
 如果他方当事人基于相互之间的信赖有权知道事实真相。
 
§162. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION IS FRAUDULENT OR MATERIAL
何时虚假的陈述具有欺诈性或意义重大
 
(1) A misrepresentation is fraudulent if the maker intends his assertion to ind uce a party to manifest his assent and the maker
如果作出意思表示的一方有意引导他方当事人作出意思表示，并且其有下列情形时，则该虚假的意思表示具有欺诈性
 
(a) knows or believes that the assertion is not in accord with the facts, or
意思表示方明知或认为该陈述是虚假的，或
 
(b) does not have the confidence that he states or implies in the truth of the assertion, or
意思表示方并不确信他陈述或暗示了事实的真相，或
 
(c) knows that he does not have the basis that he states or implies for the assertion.
 意思表示方明知他没有理由作出陈述或暗示。
 
(2) A misrepresentation is material if it would be likely to induce a reasonable person to manifest his assent, or if the maker knows that it would be likely to induce the receipt to do so.
 如果虚假的意思表示有可能导致正常人表示同意，或者作出虚假意思表示 方明知其意思表示会导致这样的后果而为之，则该虚假的意思表示即为重大的 虚假表示。
 
 §163. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION PREVENTS FORMATION OF A CONTRACT
虚假的意思表示何时阻止合同的形成
 
If a misrepresentation as to the character or essential terms of a proposed contract induces conduct that appears to be manifestation of assent by one who neither knows nor has reasonable opportunity to know of the character or essential terms of the proposed contract, his conduct is not effective as a manifestation of assent.
 对于旨在缔结的合同，如果其性质或重要条款被作出了虚假的陈述，并且该虚假的意思表示导致了不知道或没有合理机会知道该合同性质或重要条款的一方当事人作出了好象是同意的意思表示行为，则其意思表示无效。
 
§164. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
虚假的意思表示何时可以使合同可撤消
 
(1) If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by either a fraudulent or a material misrepresentation by the other party upon which the recipient is justified in relying, the contract is voidable by the recipient.
如果一方当事人由于信赖了他方当事人具有欺诈或重大虚假的陈述而为意思表示，则该方当事人可以撤消该合同。
 
(2) If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by either a fraudulent or a material misrepresentation by one who is not a party to the transaction upon which the recipient is justified in relying, the contract is voidable by the recipient, unless the other party to the transaction in good faith and without reason to know of the misrepresentation either gives value or relies materially on the transaction.
 如果一方当事人由于信赖了交易第三方具有欺诈或重大虚假的陈述而为意 思表示，则该当事人可以撤消该合同，除非善意的并且没有理由知道该虚假陈 述的交易他方当事人已经支付对价或实质上信赖了该交易行为。
 
 §165. CURE BY CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES
 
If a contract is voidable because of a misrepresentation and, before notice of an intention to avoid the contract, the facts come into accord with the assertion, the contract is no longer voidable unless the recipient has been harmed b y relying on the misrepresentation.
 以情势变更救济合同  如果合同由于虚假陈述可被撤消，但是在取消合同的意图通知发送之前，如果事态的发展与陈述一致，则该合同不再具有可撤消性，除非虚假陈述的被陈述方由于信赖了该陈述已经遭受损失。
 
§166. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION AS TO A WRITING JUSTIFICATION REFORMATION
有关书面文书的虚假陈述何时可以成为重新缔约的正当理由
 
If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by the other party’s fraudulent misrepresentation as to the consents or effect of a writing evidencing or embodying in whole or in part an agreement, the court at the request of the recipient may reform the writing to express the terms of the agreement as asserted, (a) if the recipient was justified in relying on the misrepresentation, and
(b) except to the extent that rights of third parties such as good faith purchasers for value will be unfairly affected.
如果一方当事人就全部或部分证明或体现合同存在的书面文书之内容或效力作出了欺诈性的陈述，由此导致他方当事人而为意思表示，那么，在下列情况下，法院应欺诈陈述的被陈述方之请求，可以重新制作该书面文书，使得合同的条款与所声称的保持一致。  (a) 如果欺诈陈述的被陈述方正当地信赖了该虚假的陈述，并且(b) 如果第三人比如善意购买人的权利因此受到不公平影响，则不得重新制作 该书面合同。
 
§167. WHEN A MISREPRESENTATION IS AN INDUCING CAUSE
虚假的意思表示何时可以成为诱因
 
A misrepresentation induces a party’s manifestation of assent if it substantially contributes to his decision to manifest his assent.
如果虚假的意思表示实质上导致一方当事人作出意思表示，则该虚假的意思表示即为该当事人作出意思表示之诱因。
 
§168. RELIANCE ON ASSERTIONS OF OPINION对意见陈述的信赖
 
(1) An assertion is one of opinion if it expresses only a belief, without certainty, as to the existence of a fact or express only a judgment as to quality, value, authenticity, or similar matters.
如果一个陈述只是不确定地对事实存在的一种信赖或只是就质量、价值、真实性或类似事项的判断，则该陈述表达的只是一种意见。
 
(2) If it is reasonable to do so, the recipient of an assertion of a person’s opinion as to facts not disclosed and not otherwise known to the recipient may pro perly interpret it as an assertion
如果表达意见的陈述是合理的，那么一方当事人就没有向被陈述方透漏或 被陈述方没有其他方式获悉的事实所作的陈述可以解释为如下陈述
 
(a) that the facts known to that person are not incompatible with his opinion, or
该当事人已知的事实与其意见不一致，或
 
(b) that he knows facts sufficient to justify him in forming it.
 该当事人所知道的事实足以使其合法地为此陈述。
 
§169. WHEN RELIANCE ON AN ASSERTION OF OPINION IS NOT JUSTIFIED
对意见陈述的信赖何时不正当。
 
To the extent that an assertion is one of opinion only, the recipient is not justified in relying on it unless the recipient
如果一个陈述只是表达一种意见，则被陈述方对该陈述的信赖是不合法的，除非
 
(a) stands in such a relation of trust and confidence to the person whose opin ion is asserted that the recipient is reasonable in relying on it, or
该被陈述方对陈述意见之人存在信托关系或信赖关系，以至他有合理的理 由去信赖其陈述，或
 
(b) reasonably believes that, as compared with himself, the person whose opinion is asserted has special skill, judgment or objectivity with respect to the subject matter, or
该被陈述方合理地认为，与自己相比，陈述意见之人就标的有着特殊的技艺、判断或客观性认识，或
 
(c) is for some other special reason particularly susceptible to a misrepresentation of the type involved.
该被陈述方由于其他一些特殊原因，尤其易于受此类虚假陈述的影响。
 
§170. RELIANCE ON ASSERTIONS AS TO MATTERS OF LAW对法律陈述的信赖
 
If an assertion is one as to a matter of law, the same rules that apply in the c ase of other assertions determine whether the recipient is justified in relying on it.
 如果一个陈述是就法律问题而作出，则适用于其他陈述的相同规则决定了领受 人是否可以合法地信赖这一陈述。
 
§171. WHEN RELIANCE ON AN ASSERTIONOF INTENTION IS NOT JUSTIFIED
对意图陈述之信赖在何时不正当
 
 (1) To the extent that an assertion is one of intention only, the recipient is of justified in relying on it if in the circumstances a misrepresentation of intention is consistent with reasonable standards of dealing.
就意图陈述而言，如果意图的意思表示符合合理的交易标准，则被陈述方对该陈述之信赖合法。
 
(2) If it is reasonable to do so, the promisee may properly interpret a promisor intends to perform the promise.
如果对意图陈述的信赖合理，则受允诺人为履行允诺可以适当地解释允诺人的意图。
 
§172. WHEN FAULT MAKES RELIANCE UNJUSTIED
失误何时构成不正当的信赖
 
A recipient’s fault in not knowing or discovering the facts before making the contract does not make his act in good faith and in according with reasonable standards of fair dealing.
如果被陈述方在缔约前不知道或没有发现陈述的虚假性，则这种失误构成未依善意且公平之标准而行为。
 
§173. WHEN ABUSE OF FIDUCIARY RELATION MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABL E
滥用信托关系何时使合同可撤消
 
If a fiduciary makes a contract with his beneficiary relating to matters within the scope of the fiduciary relation, the contract is voidable by the beneficiary, unless
如果受托人就信托关系范围内的事项与其受益人订立合同，则受益人可以撤消合同，除非
 
(a) it is on fair terms, and该合同是在公平的基础上订立的，并且
 
(b) all parties beneficially interested manifest assent with full understanding of their legal rights and of all relevant facts that the fiduciary knows or should knows.
所有受益当事人在完全知晓其法律权利以及所有信托人知道或应当知道之 相关事实的情况下，作出意思表示
 
TOPIC 2, DURESS AND UNDUE ENFLUENCE主题二  胁迫与不正当影响
 
§174. WHEN DURESS BY PHYSICAL COMPULSION PREVENTS FORMATION OF A CONTRACT
通过实施人身强制胁迫何时可以阻止合同的形成
 
If conduct that appears to a manifestation of assent by a party who does not intend to engage in that conduct is physically compelled by duress, the conduct is not effective as a manifestation of assent.
如果一方当事人在人身受到胁迫而被强制作出意思表示，则该意思表示无效。
 
§175. WHEN DURESS BY THREAT MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
通过威胁实施胁迫何时可以使合同可撤消
 
(1) If a party's manifestation of assent is induced by an improper threat by the other party that leaves the victim no reasonable alternative, the contract is voidable by the victim.
如果一方当事人由于受到他方当事人不正当的威胁，在没有合理选择的情况下而为意思表示，则受害人可以撤消此合同。
 
(2) If a party's manifestation of assent is induced by one who is not a party to the transaction, the contract is voidable by the victim unless the other party to the transaction in good faith and without reason to know of the duress either gives value or relies materially on the transaction.
如果一方当事人是在交易第三方的诱导下为意思表示，则受害人可以撤消 该合同，除非善意的并且没有理由知道胁迫存在的交易他方当事人支付了价金 或实质上信赖了该交易。
 
 
§176. WHEN A THREAT IS IMPROPER威胁何时不适当
 
(1) A threat is improper if威胁在下列情况下不适当
(a) what is threatened is a crime or a tort, or the threat itself would be a crime or a tort if it resulted in obtaining property,
被威胁实施犯罪或侵权行为，或者如果威胁导致了一方当事人获得财产，则该威胁本身就是犯罪或侵权行为，
 
(b) what is threatened is a criminal prosecution, 被威胁实施刑事控诉行为，
 
(c) what is threatened is the use of civil process and the threat is made in bad faith, or
被威胁实施民事诉讼行为，并且威胁属于恶意行为，或
 
(d) the threat is a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing under a contract with the recipient.
威胁违反了合同项下善意并且公平交易的义务
 
(2) A threat is improper if the resulting exchange is not on fair terms, and
如果威胁导致的交换并不是依据公平条件而为，并且有如下情况时，威胁也是不适当的
 
 
(a) the threatened act would harm the recipient and would not significantly benefit the party making the threat,
被威胁的行为伤害了受威胁方，威胁方实质上也没有获益
 
(b) the effectiveness of the threat in including the manifestation of assent is significantly increased by prior unfair dealing by the party making the threat, or
威胁方先前实施的不公平交易行为增加了包括对意思表示在内的威胁的效力，或
 
c) what is threatened is otherwise a use of power for illegitimate ends.
 被威胁实施的行为是以其他方式使用权力来达到非法目的的。
 
§177. WHEN UNDUE INFLUENCE MAKES A CONTRACT VOIDABLE
不正当的影响何时使合同可撤消
 
(1) Undue influence is unfair persuasion of a party who is under the domination of the person exercising the persuasion or who by virtue of the relation between them is justified in assuming that that person will not act in a manner in consistent with his welfare.
不正当的影响就是处于优势的一方当事人 l 利用自己与另一方之间的关系通过不适当的说服，使另一方有正当的理由推测处于优势的一方不会以一种有损 于其福利的方式行事。
 
(2) If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by undue influence by the o ther party, the contract is voidable by the victim.
如果一方当事人的不正当影响导致另一方当事人作出意思表示，则受害人可以撤消该合同。
 
(3) If a party’s manifestation of assent is induced by one who is not a party to the transaction, the contract is voidable by the victim unless the other party t o the transaction in good faith and without reason to know of the undue influence either gives value or relies materially on the transaction.
如果一方当事人是在交易第三方的诱导下为意思表示，则受害人可以撤消 该合同，除非善意的并且没有理由知道不正当影响存在的交易他方当事人支付了对价或实质上信赖了该交易。
 
CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY
第八章  合同因公共政策而不可执行
 
TOPIC 1. UNENFORCEABILITY IN GENERAL
主题一  不可执行之一般规定
 
§178. WHEN A TERM IS UNENFORCEABLE ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY
合同的条款何时因公共政策而不可执行
 
(1) A promise or other term of an agreement is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if legislation provides that it is enforceable or the interest in its enforcement is clearly outweighed in the circumstances by a public policy against the enforcement of such terms.
如果法律规定合同的允诺或其他条款是不可执行的，或者执行这些允诺或条款的利益是明显地超出了公共政策就这一执行所允许的范围，则这些允诺或 条款是不可执行的。
 
(2) In weighing the interest in the enforcement of a term, account is taken of
在衡量合同条款的执行利益时应考虑以下因素
 
(a) the parties justified expectations, 双方当事人合法的期待，
 
(b) any forfeiture that would result if enforcement were denied, and
拒绝强制执行会不会导致对另一方没收的后果
 
(c) any special public interest in the enforcement of the particular term
执行特殊条款时的特殊公共利益。
 
(3) In weighing a public policy against enforcement of a term, account is take n of
在衡量执行合同的公共政策时，应考虑以下因素
 
(a) the strength of that policy as manifested by legislation or judicial decisions,
立法或司法判决所表明的公共政策的份量
 
(b) the likelihood that a refusal to enforce the term will further that policy,
拒绝执行增进公共政策的可能性
 
(c) the seriousness of any misconduct involved and the extent to which it was deliberate, and
所涉不当行为的严重性以及该行为的故意程度，和
 
(d) the directness of the connection between that misconduct and the term.
 不当行为与合同条款的直接关系
 
§179. BASES OF PUBLIC POLICIES AGAINST ENFORCEMENT有关执行公共政策的理由
A policy against the enforcement of promises or other terms may be derived b y the court from
(a) legislation relevant to such a policy, or
(b) the need to protect some aspect of the public welfare, as is the case for th e judicial policies against, for example,
(i) restraint of trade (§§186-188)
(ii) impairment of family relations (§§189-191), and
(iii) interference with other protected interests (§§192-196,356).
法院拒绝执行允诺或其他条款所依据的公共政策源于
 (a) 与该政策有关的立法，或
(b) 保护公共福利的需要，正如司法判例所确定的案例，比如
(i) 贸易管制
(ii) 有损家庭关系
(iii) 对其他被保护利益的干预
 
 
§180. EFFECT OF EXCUSABLE IGNORANCE可原谅的不知情行为的效力
If a promisee is excusably ignorant of facts or of legislation of a minor character, of which the promisor is not excusably ignorant and in the absence of which the promise would be enforceable, the promisee has a claim for damages fo r its breach but cannot recover damages for anything that he has done after h e learns of the facts or legislation.
如果受允诺人对有关允诺的微小特征的事实或法律问题之不知情是可以原谅的，而允诺人有责任知道这些事实或法律问题，并且在这些问题不存在的时候，允诺人的允诺才具有执行力，那么，受允诺人有权就允诺人的违约行为请求损害赔偿，但是受允诺人在知情之后的履行行为不在赔偿范围之内。
 
 §181. EFFECT OF FAILURE OT COMPLY WITH LICENSING OR SIMILAR REQUIREMENT
未遵守授权或类似要求的法律效力
 
If a party is prohibited from doing an act because of his failure to comply with a licensing, registration or similar requirement, a promise in consideration of h is doing the act or of his promise to do it is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if
(a) the requirement has a regulatory purpose, and
(b) the interest in the enforcement of the promise is clearly outweighed by the public behind the requirement.
如果一方当事人由于未依照授权许可、注册或类似要求而被禁止从事某行为，那么，在下列情况下，以实施该行为或允诺实施该行为为约因之允诺基于公共政策的考虑不可执行。
(a) 该项要求具有规制的目的，
(b) 执行该允诺的利益明显地超过了该项要求背后的公共利益。
 
§182. EEFECT OF PERFORMANCE IF INTENDED USE IS IMPROPER
不正当使用目的下为履行行为之法律效力
 
If the promisee has substantially performed, enforcement of a promise is not precluded on grounds of public policy because of some improper use that the promisor intends to make of what he obtains unless the promisee
(a) acted for the purpose of furthering the improper use, or
 (b) knew of the use and the use involves grave social harm.
如果受允诺人实质上已经履行了允诺，那么，虽然允诺人意图不正当地利用他所获得的允诺利益，则该允诺也并不因为公共政策而失去执行力，除非受允诺人
 (a) 为促进允诺人之不正当使用目的而为行为
(b) 明知不正当使用的存在，并且明知这种不正当使用对社会有害。
 
§183. WHEN AGREEMENT IS ENFORCEABLE AS TO AGREED EQUIVALENTS
就已经达成的标的物，合同在何种情况下可执行
 
If the parties’ performance can be apportioned into corresponding pairs of par t performances so that the parts of each pair are properly regarded as agreed equivalents and one pair is not offensive to public policy, that portion of the agreement is enforceable by a party who did not engage in serious misconduct.
如果当事人的履行义务可以被分解成相应一对对的若干部分，以便于将每一对中的部分履行行为适当地视为已达成的标的物，将某一对视为是对公共政策的冒犯，那么，没有实施严重不法行为的一方当事人可以执行合同中被认为是已达成标的物的那部分履行义务。
 
§184. WHEN REST OF AGREEMENT IS ENFORCEABLE
合同的剩余部分在何时是可执行的
 
(1) If less than all of an agreement is unenforceable under the rule stated in §178, a court may nevertheless enforce the rest of the agreement in favor of a party who did not engage in serious misconduct if the performance as to which the agreement is unenforceable is not an essential part of the agreed exchange.
(2) A court may treat only part of a term as unenforceable under the rule stat ed in Subsection (1) if the party who seeks to enforce the term obtained it in good faith and in accordance with reasonable standards of fair dealing.
 如果并非合同的全部依据§178 的规定是不可执行的，那么，如果合同中不 可执行部分并不是双方已达成交换的核心部分，则法院为维护没有实施严重不 法行为的一方当事人的利益，可以强制执行合同中的剩余部分。
  (2) 如果请求 强制执行合同条款的一方当事人依据善意或合理交易之标准使得合同得以执行， 那么，法院可以依据(1)小节的规定认定合同的部分条款是不可执行的。
 
§185. EXCUSE OF A CONDITION ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY
基于公共政策而免除条件
 
To the extent that a term requiring the occurrence of a condition is unenforceable under the rule stated in §178, a court may excuse the non-occurrence of the condition unless its occurrence was an essential part of the agreed exchange.
如果一个需要条件成就的合同条款依据§178 的规定是不可执行的，那么，除非该条件的成就属于已达成交易的核心部分，否则法院可以在条件没有成就的情 况下执行该条款。
 
TOPIC 2. RESRAINT OF TRADE主题二  贸易限制
 
§186. PROMISE IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE贸易限制中的允诺
 
(1) A promise is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if it is unreasonably in restraint of trade.
(2) A promise is in restraints of trade if its performance would limit competition in any business or restrict the promisor in the exercise of a gainful occupation.
(1) 如果一项允诺不合理地限制了贸易的进行，那么，基于公共政策的考虑，该允诺是不可执行的。
(2) 如果一项允诺的履行会限制商业竞争或限制允诺人从事营利的职业，则该允诺就是对贸易活动的限制。
 
§187.NON-ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS ON COMPETITION对竞争的非附属性限制
A promise to restrain from competition that imposes a restraint that is not ancillary to an otherwise valid transaction or relationships is unreasonably in restraint of trade.
如果一项限制竞争的允诺，其限制非附属于另外一项合法的交易或法律关系，则该允诺就是对贸易的不合理限制。
 
§188. ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS ON COMPETION对竞争的附属限制
 
(1) A promise to refrain from completion that imposes a restraint that is ancillary to an otherwise valid transaction or relationship is unreasonably in restraint of trade if
(a) the restraint is greater than is needed to protect the promisee’s legitimate interest, or
(b) the promisee’s need is outweighed by the hardship to the promisor and the likely injury to the public.
(1) 如果一项限制竞争的允诺，其限制是附属于另外一项合法的交易或法律关 系，则在下列情形下，该允诺就是对贸易的不合理限制。
(a) 该限制远远超过了保护受允诺人合法利益所需要的限度，或
(b) 该限制带给允诺人的困难和对公共利益的损害超过了受允诺人合法利益的
需要。
 
(2) Promises imposing restraints that are ancillary to a valid transaction or relationship include the following:
(a) a promise by the seller of a business not to compete with the buyer in such a way as to injury the value of the business sold;
(b) a promise by an employee or other agent not to compete with his employer or other principal;
(c) a promise by a partner not to compete with the partnership.
 (2) 下列允诺的限制就是附属于一项合法的交易或法律关系的：
(a) 交易的卖方允诺不以有损于其所出售交易产品之方式与买方竞争；
(b) 雇员或其他代理人允诺不与其雇主或其他委托人竞争；
(c) 合伙人允诺不与合伙竞争
 
 
TOPIC 3 IMPAIRMENT OF FAMILY RELATIONS主题三 有损家庭关系
§189. PROMISE IN RESTRAINT OF MARRIAGE限制婚姻的允诺
 
A promise is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if it is unreasonably in restraint of marriage.
如果一个允诺不合理地限制了婚姻，那么，依据公共政策，该允诺就是不可执行的。
 
§190. PROMISE DETRIMENTAL TO MARITAL RELATIONSHIP有损婚姻关系的允诺
 
(1) A promise by a person contemplating marriage or by a married person, other than as part of an enforceable separation agreement, is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if it would change some essential incident of the marital relationship in a way detrimental to the public interest in the marriage relationship. A separation agreement is unenforceable on grounds of public policy unless it is made after separation or in contemplation of an immediate separation and is fair in the circumstances.
(2) A promise that tends unreasonably to encourage divorce or separation is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
(1) 如果一个预计结婚的人或一个已婚人作出的允诺，并非是作为一个可执行的分居合同的一部分而存在，而且该允诺以一种有损于婚姻关系中之公共利益 的方式实质性地改变了婚姻关系，则该允诺就是不可执行的。依据公共政策，分居合同是不可执行的，除非该合同是在分居之后或是预计立即分解时订立的，并且在订立时是公平的。
(2) 如果一个允诺意在不合理地鼓励离婚或分居，则依据公共政策，该允诺是不具有执行力的。
 
§191. PROMISE AFFECTING CUSTODY影响监护的允诺
 
A promise affecting the right of custody of minor child is unenforceable on grounds of public policy unless the disposition as to custody is consistent with th e best interest of the child.
如果一个允诺影响了对小孩的监护权，则依据公共政策，该允诺是不具有执行力的，除非有关监护的处理决定符合该小孩的最大利益。
 
TOPIC 4. INTERFERENCE WITH OTHER PROTECTED INTERESTS
主题四 干预其他被保护的利益
 
 
§192. PROMISE INVOLVING COMMISSION OF A TORT承诺侵权之允诺
 
A promise to commit a tort or to induce the commission of a tort is unenforceable on grounds of public policy
允诺实施侵权行为或诱使他方作出侵权承诺之允诺，依据公共政策是不具有执行力的。
 
§193. PROMISE INDUCING VIOLATION OF FIDUCIARY DUTY诱使违反信托义务之允诺
 
A  promise by a fiduciary to violate his fiduciary duty unenforceable on ground s of public policy.
如果受托人允诺违反其信托义务，则该允诺依据公共政策是不具有执行力的。
 
§194. PROMISE INTERGERING WITH OCNTRACT WITH ANOTHER
 
A promise that tortiously interferes with performance of a contract with a third person or tortiously induced promise to commit a breach of contract is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
如果一个允诺侵权性地干预了第三方当事人对合同的履行或者侵权性地诱使他方承诺违约，则依据公共政策，该允诺是不具有执行力的。
 
§195. TERM EXEPTING FROM LIABILITY FOR HARM CAUSED INTENTIONALLY, RECKLESSLY OR NEGLIGENTLY
对由于故意、过失或疏忽所造成伤害的免责条款
 
(1) A term exempting a party from tort liability for harm caused intentionally or recklessly is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
(2) A term exempting a party from tort liability for harm caused negligently is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if
 (a) The term exempts an employer from liability to an employee for injury in the course of his employment;
(b) the term exempts one charged with a duty of public service from liability to one to whom what duty is owed for compensation for breach of that duty, o r
(c) the other party is similarly a member of a class protected against the class to which the first party belongs.
(3) A term exempting a seller of a product from his special tort liability for physical harm to a user or consumer is unenforceable on grounds of public policy unless the term is fairly bargained for and is consistent with the policy underlying that liability.
(1) 对一方当事人由于故意或过失所造成伤害的免责条款，依据公共政策是不具有执行力的。
(2) 在下列情况下，如果合同条款免除了一方当事人对于因疏忽而造成损害的侵权责任，则该条款依据公共政策就是不可执行的。
(a) 免除雇主对雇员在雇佣期间所遭受伤害之责任的条款；
  (b) 免除了被指控负有公共服务职责之人对因违反其义务而对相对方承担的赔偿责任；
(c) 一方当事人类似于一个社会阶层的一员，该社会阶层是为针对他方当事人所
属阶层而受到法律保护的。
(3) 免除卖主对用户或客户所遭受身体伤害的特殊侵权责任之条款，依据公共政策是不可执行的，除非该条款经过了公平的磋商，符合特殊侵权责任背后的 公共政策。
 
§196. TERM EXEMPTING FROM CONSEQUENCES OF MISREPRESENTATION
免除虚假陈述之法律后果的条款
 
A term unreasonably exempting a party from the legal consequence of misrepresentation is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
不合理地免除了一方当事人因虚假陈述所导致法律后果的条款，依据公共政策是不具有执行力的。
 
TOPIC 5. RESTITUTION主题五 恢复原状
 
§197.RESTITUTION GENERALLY UNAVAILABLE通常不得恢复原状
 
Except as stated in §§198 and 199, a party has no claim in restitution for performance that he has rendered under or in return for a promise that is unenforceable on grounds of public policy unless denial of restitution would cause disproportionate forfeiture.
除§§198 和 199 的规定外，当允诺因违反公共政策而失去强制执行力的效力，合同一方当事人不得就依据该允诺或为了该允诺而完成的义务履行请求恢复原状，除非否决恢复原状这一请求会造成合同当事人财产不适当地被没收。
 
§198. RESTITUTION IN FAVOR OF PARTY WHO IS EXCUSABLY IGNORANT OR IS NOT EQUALLY IN THE WRONG
如果当事人的不知情是可以原谅的或者过错程度不同时，可以恢复原状
 
A party has a claim in restitution for performance that he has rendered under or in return for a promise that is unenforceable on grounds of public polity if
(a) he was excusably ignorant of the facts or of legislation of a minor character, in the absence of which the promise would be enforceable, or
(b) he was not equally in the wrong with the promisor.
当允诺因违反公共政策而失去强制执行力的效力时，在下列情况下，合同一方当事人可以就依据该允诺或为了该允诺而完成的义务履行请求恢复原状：
(a) 该当事人对微小特征的事实或法律问题之不知情是可以原谅的，并且该允诺在这些问题不存在的时候才具有执行力。
 (b) 该当事人与允诺人的过错程度不等。
 
§199. RESTITUTION WHERE PARTY WITHDRAWS OR SITUATION IS CONTRARY TO PUBLIC INTEREST
如果当事人退出交易行为或可以结束与公共利益相悖的状态时，可以请求恢复原状。
 
A party has claim in restitution for performance that he has rendered under or in return for a promise that is unenforceable on grounds of public policy if he did not engage in serious misconduct and
 (a) he withdraws from the transaction before the improper purpose has been achieved, or
(b) allowance of the claim would put an end to a continuing situation that is c ontrary to the public interest.
当允诺因违反公共政策而失去强制执行力的效力时，如果一方当事人没有实施 严重的不法行为，并且有以下情形时，他可以就依据该允诺或为了该允诺而完 成的义务履行请求恢复原状：
(a) 该当事人在不正当目的达到之前就退出了该交易行为，或
(b) 允许其恢复原状可以结束与公共利益相悖的持续状态。
 
CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
第九章  合同义务的范围
 
TOPIC 1. THE MEANING OF AGREEMENTS主题一  合同的含义
 
§200. INTERPRETATION OF PROMISE OR AGREEMENT允诺或合同的解释
Interpretation of a promise or agreement or a term thereof is the ascertainment of its meaning.
允诺或合同的解释在此所指的是确定其含义。
 
§201. WHOSE MEANING PREVAILS以谁作的解释为准
(1) Where the parties have attached the same meaning to a promise or agreement or a term thereof, it is interpreted in accordance with that meaning.
(2) Where the parties have attached different meanings to a promise or agreement or a term thereof, it is interpreted in accordance with the meaning attached by one of them if at the time the agreement was made
 (a) that party did not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knew the meaning attached by the first party; or
(b) that party had no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other had reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.
(3) Except as stated in this Section, neither party is bound by the meaning attached by the other, even though the result may be a failure of mutual assent.
(1) 如果双方当事人对允诺或合同或某土条款赋予了同样的含义，则依该含义解释合同。
(2) 如果双方当事人对允诺或合同或某一条款有不同解释，则以其中一方当事人赋予的含义解释合同：
(a) 当事人一方在订立合同时不知道另一方赋予合同不同的含义，而另一方知道该方当事人赋予合同的含义，则依该方当事人的含义进行解释；或
(b) 当事人一方没有理由知道另一方赋予合同不同的含义，而另一方有理由知道该方当事人赋予合同的含义，则依该方当事人的含义进行解释。
(3) 除本节的规定外，虽然双方当事人没有达成一致的意思表示，任何一方都不受他方当事人所赋予合同之含义的约束。
 
§202. RULES IN ADI OF INTERPRETATION解释规则
(1) Words and other conduct are interpreted in the light of all the circumstances, and if the principal purpose of the parties is ascertainable it is given great weight.
(2) A writing is interpreted as a whole, and all writings that are part of the same transaction are interpreted together.
(3) Unless a different intention is manifested,
(a) where language has a generally prevailing meaning, it is interpreted in accordance with that meaning;
 (b) technical terms and words of art are given their technical meaning when used in a transaction within their technical field.
(4) where an agreement involves repeated occasions for performance by either party with knowledge of the nature of the performance and opportunity for objection to it by the other, any course of performance accepted or acquiesce d in without objection is given great weight in the interpretation of the agreement.
(5) Wherever reasonable, the manifestations of intention of the parties to a promise or agreement are interpreted as consistent with each other and with any relevant course of performance, course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade.
(1) 应根据所有的情况解释当事人的文字或其他行为，同时，如果能查明双方缔约的主要目的，则应充分考虑其主要缔约目的。
(2) 书面文书应以一个整体来解释，并且作为同一交易的组成部分的所有书面文书应放在一起进行解释。
(3) 除非有不同的意图表示，
(a) 如果合同语言存在通用的主流含义，则依主流含义解释。
(b) 对技术或专业术语的解释应在技术领域的范围内赋予它们在交易使用中的技术含义。
(4) 如果合同中涉及一方当事人重复履行义务，并且该当事人明知该履行行为的性质，同时另一方当事人有机会提出反对意见，那么，如果另一方当事人对任何履行过程地接受或没有反对地默认，则这些行为在合同解释时应给予充分地考虑。
(5) 如果合理地话，对双方当事人对允诺或合同的意思表示的解释应符合彼此的真实意图、任何相关的履行过程、交易过程或行业惯例。
 
§203. STANDARDS OF PREFERENCE IN INTERPRETATION解释合同时的优先标准
In the interpretation of a promise or agreement or a term thereof, the following standards of preference are generally applicable:
(a) an interpretation which gives a reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning to all the terms is preferred to an interpretation which leaves a part unreasonable, unlawful, or of no effect;
(b) express terms are given weight than course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade, course of performance is given greater weight than course of dealing or usage of trade, and course of dealing is given greater weight than usage of trade;
(c) specific terms and exact terms are given greater weight than general language;
(d) separately negotiated or added terms are given greater weight than standardized terms or other terms not separately negotiated.
在解释允诺、合同或某一条款时，通常应适用下列优先标准：
(a) 合理、合法、有效的解释优先于不合理、不合法或无效的解释；
(b) 明确的条款优先于履行过程、交易过程和行业惯例，履行过程优先于交易过程或行业惯例，交易过程优先于行业惯例；
(c) 特殊确切的条款优先于概括的语言；
(d) 单独磋商或加注条款优先于格式化条款或其他非单独磋商之条款。
 
§204. SUPPLYING AN OMITTED ESSENTIAL TERM补充一个被忽略的重要条款
When the parties to a bargain sufficiently defined to be a contract have not a greed with respect to a term which is essential to a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is reasonable in the circumstances is supplied by the court.
如果双方当事人经磋商足以缔结一个合同，但是还没有就对双方权利义务的确立至关重要的条款达成一致，则在此特殊的情况下，法院可以将这一合理的条款补充到合同中去。
 
 
TOPIC 2. CONSIDERATIONS OF FAIRNESS AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST
主题二  公平和公共利益的约因
 
§205. DUTY OF GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING善意行事与公平交易的义务
 
Every contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and fair dealing in its performance and its enforcement.
合同的每一方当事人在履行合同或强制执行合同时都负有善意行事和从事公平交易的义务。
 
§206. INTERPRETATION AGAINST THE DRAFTSMAN不利于合同起草方的解释
In choosing among the reasonable meanings of a promise or a term thereof, that meaning is generally preferred which operates against the party who supp lies the words or from whom a writing otherwise proceeds.
如果对一个允诺或该允诺的某一条款存在多个合理的解释，则应选择不利于合同起草方的解释，或者选择与书面文书所示含义相反的解释。
 
§207. INTERPRETATION FAVORING THE PUBLIC有利于公共利益的解释
In choosing among the reasonable meanings a promise or agreement or a term thereof, a meanings that serves the public interest is generally preferred.
如果对一个允诺、合同或某一条款存在多个合理的解释，则通常应选择有利于公共利益的解释。
 
§208. UNCONSCIONABLE CONTRACT OR TERM不合理的合同或条款
If a contract or term thereof is unconscionable at the time the contract is made acourt may refuse to enforce the contract, or may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable term, or may so limit the application of any unconscionable term as to avoid any unconscionable result.
如果一个合同或其条款在合同订立之时就是不合理的，则法院可以拒绝执行该合同，或者可以执行剩余合同中没有不合理条款的剩余部分，或者也可以限制任何不合理条款的适用，从而避免不合理结果的出现。
 
TOPIC 3 EFFECT OF ADOPTION OF A WRITING主题三 接受书面文书的效力
 
§209. INTEGRATED AGREEMENTS完整的不可分割的合同
(1) An integrated agreement is a writing or writings constituting a final expression of one or more terms of an agreement.
(2) Whether there is an integrated agreement is to be determined by the court as a question preliminary to determination of a question of interpretation or to application of the parole vidence rule.
(3) Where the parties reduce an agreement to a writing which in view of its completeness and specificity reasonably appears to be a complete agreement, it is taken to be an integrated agreement unless it is established by other evidence that the writing did not constitute a final expression.
(1) 如果一个合同中包含了当事人对合同条款的最终表述，则该合同就是完整的不可分割的合同。
(2) 法院在解释合同或适用口头证据规则之前应确定一个合同是否是不可分割的。
(3) 如果双方当事人合理地认为一个书面文书从其完整性和特殊性上来看好象是一个完整的合同，则该书面文书就应被视为是完整的合同，除非有其他证据 表明该书面文书并没有包含当事人对合同条款的最终表述。
 
§210. COMPLETELY AND PARTIALLY INTEGRATED AGREEMENTS
完全不可分割的合同与部分不可分割的合同
 
(1) A completely integrated agreement is an integrated agreement adopted by the parties as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement.
(2) A partially integrated agreement is an integrated agreement other than a completely integrated agreement.
(3) Whether an agreement is completely or partially integrated is to be deter mined by the court as a question preliminary to determination of a question o f interpretation or to application of the parolevidence rule.
(1) 完全不可分割的合同是指双方当事人认为其条款是完整的、排他的的合同。
(2) 部分不可分割的合同是指除完全不可分割合同之外的完整合同。
(3) 法院在解释合同或适用口头证据规则之前应确定一个合同是完全不可分割的还是部分不可分割的。
 
§211. STANDARDIZED AGREEMENTS格式合同
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (3), where a party to an agreement signs or otherwise manifests assent to a writing and has reason to believe that like writings are regularly used to embody terms of agreements of the same type, h e adopts the writing as an integrated agreement with respect to the terms included in the writing.
(2) Such a writing is interpreted wherever reasonable as treating alike all those similarly situated, without regard to their knowledge or understanding of the standard terms of the writing.
(3) Where the other party has reason to believe that the party manifesting such assent would not do so if he knew that the writing contained a particular term, the term is not part of the agreement.
(1) 除(3)小节的规定外，如果合同的一方当事人签署了该合同或以其他方式作出了同意的意思表示，并且该当事人有理由相信该类似文书会经常性地用于表达相同类型合同的条款，则表明他接受该书面文书以及包含在其中的条款属于一个完整不可分割的合同。
(2) 对于格式合同应作合理的解释，以便使所有有相似处境的人受到同样的对待，不管他们是否知道或理解该书面合同的标准条款。
(3) 如果他方当事人有合理的理由相信作出同意意思表示的一方当事人如果知道该合同中包含有特殊条款就不会签署或表示同意，则该条款不得作为合同的条款而存在。
 
§212. INTERPRETATION OF INTEGRATED AGREEMENT不可分割合同的解释
(1) The interpretation of an integrated agreement is directed to the meaning of the terms of the writing or writings in the light of the circumstances, in accordance with the rules stated in this Chapter.
(2) A question of interpretation of an integrated agreement is to be determined by the trier of fact if it depends on the credibility of extrinsic evidence or on a choice among reasonable inferences to be drawn from extrinsic evidence. Otherwise a question of interpretation of an integrated agreement is to be determined as a question of law.
(1) 根据本章的规定，解释不可分割合同应依据所有的情况考察书面文书条款 的含义。
(2) 对不可分割合同的解释如果依赖于外部证据的可信度或者是从外部证据的 合理推论中作出选择，则应通过对事实的检验作出解释。否则，不可分割合同的 解释就应作为法律问题来确定。
 
§213. EFFECT OF INTEGRATED AGREEMENT ON PRIOR AGREEMENTS (PARO
 L EVIDENCE RULE)
不可分割合同对先前合同的效力（口头证据规则）
 
(1) A binding integrated agreement discharges prior agreements to the extent that it is inconsistent with them.
(2) A binding completely integrated agreement discharges prior agreements t o the extent that they are within its scope.
(1) 有效的不可分割合同解除了与其相抵触的先前合同。
(2) 有效的完全不可分割合同解除了在其范围之内的先前合同。
 
§214. EVIDENCE OF PRIOR OR CONTEMPORANEOUS AGREEMENTS AND NEGOTIATIONS
先前或同期合同以及协商的证据
 
Agreements and negotiations prior to or contemporaneous with the adoption of a writing are admissible in evidence to establish
在双方当事人在接受书面文书之前或同期而为的合同以及协商过程可以作为证据证明
 
(a) that the writing is or is not an integrated agreement;
(b) that the integrated agreement, if any, is completely or partially integrated; (c) the meaning of the writing, whether or not integrated;
(d) illegality, fraud, duress, mistake, lack of consideration, or other invalidating cause;
 (e) ground for granting or denying rescission, reformation, specific performance.
(a) 该书面文书是否是不可分割合同；
(b) 如果是不可分割合同，则是完全不可分割合同亦或是部分不可分割合同；
(c) 该书面文书的含义，而不管其是否是不可分割的；
(d) 是否存在违法、欺诈、胁迫、错误、没有约因或其他一些使该书面文书无效的原因；
(e) 是否存在同意撤消或否决撤消、重作以及强制履行的理由。
 
§215. CONTRADICTION OF INTEGRATED TERMS不可分割条款的冲突
Except as stated in the preceding Section, where there is a binding agreement, either completely or partially integrated, evidence of prior or contemporaneous agreements or negotiations is not admissible in evidence to contradict a term of the writing.
除了前节的规定外，如果合同具有约束力，则不论其是完全不可分割合同还是部分不可分割合同，先前的或同期的合同或协商过程都不得作为推翻该书面文书条款的证据。