§216. CONSISTENT ADDITIONAL TERMS与书面文书一致的附加条款
(1) Evidence of a consistent additional term is admissible to supplement an integrated agreement unless the court finds that the agreement was completely integrated.
(2) An agreement is not completely integrated if the writing omits a consistent additional agreed term which is
(a) agreed to for separate consideration, or
(b) such a term as in the circumstances might naturally be omitted from the writing.
(1) 与书面文书一致的附加条款可以作为证据补充到不可分割合同中，除非法院认为该合同是完全不可分割的合同。
(2) 如果书面文书中忽略了一个与其一致的附加条款，并且该附加条款属于以下情形的，则说明该合同并非完全不可分割的合同
(a) 为了个别的约因而达成该附加条款，或
(b) 在此情况下，书面文书可能自然地忽略了该条款。
 
§217. INTEGRATED AGREEMENT SUBJECT TO ORAL REQUIREMENT OR A
CONDITION
受制于某一条件口头要求的不可分割合同
 
Where the parties to a written agreement agree orally that performance of the agreement is subject to the occurrence of the agreements is subject to the occurrence of a stated condition, the agreement is not integrated with respect to the oral condition.
如果书面合同的双方当事人口头上约定合同的履行受制于合同的缔结，而合同的缔结受制于所述条件的成就，那么，与该口头条件有关的合同就是可分割的。
 
§218. UNTRUE RECITALS; EVIDENCE OF CONSIDERATION
不真实的陈述；约因是否存在的证明
 
(1) A recital of a fact in an integrated agreement may be shown untrue.
(2) Evidence is admissible to prove whether or not there is consideration for a promise, even though the parties have reduced their agreement to writing which appears to be completely integrated agreement.
(1) 不可分割合同中就事实的陈述可能被证明是不真实的。
(2) 虽然双方当事人认为书面文书好象是完全不可分割的合同，但是仍然可以用证据证明有关允诺是否存在约因。
 
TOPIC 4. SCOPE AS AFFECTED BY USAGE主题四 惯例适用的范围
§219. USAGE. 惯例
Usage is habitual or customary practice.惯例是指习惯性地做法。
 
§220. USAGE RELEVANT TO INTERPRETATION有关合同解释的惯例
 
 
(1) An agreement is interpreted in accordance with a relevant usage if each party knew or had reason to know of the usage and neither party knew or had reason to know that the meaning attached by the other was inconsistent with the usage.
(2) When the meaning attached by one party accorded with a relevant usage and the other knew or had reason to know of the usage, the other is treated as having known or had reason to know the meaning attached by the first par ty.
(1) 如果每一方当事人知道或有理由知道合同解释的惯例，并且双方当事人都不知道或都没有合理的理由知道对方所赋予的合同含义是与惯例相冲突的，则 该合同应依惯例作出解释。
(2) 如果一方当事人赋予的合同含义与相关惯例一致，并且他方当事人知道或有理由知道该惯例，则该方当事人应被认为是知道或有理由知道对方当事人所 赋予的含义。
 
§221. USAGE SUPPLEMENTING AN AGREEMENT补充合同的惯例
An agreement is supplemented or qualified by a reasonable usage with respect to agreements of the same type if each party knows or has reason to know of the usage and neither party knows or has reason to know that the other party has an intention inconsistent with the usage.
如果任一方当事人知道或有合理的理由知道存在补充合同的惯例，并且双方当事人都不知道或都没有合理的理由知道对方当事人拥有与惯例相冲突的意图，则可以通过相同类型合同所适用的合理惯例补充或限制该合同。
 
§222. USAGE OF TRADE. 行业惯例
(1) A usage of trade is a usage having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation, or trade as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to a particular agreement. It may include a system of rules regularly observed even though particular rules are changed from time to time.
(2) The existence and scope of a usage of trade are to be determined as questions of fact. If a usage is embodied in a written trade code or similar writing t he interpretation of the writing is to be determined by the court as a question of law.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed, a usage of trade in the vocation or trade in which the parties are engaged or a usage of trade of which they know or have reason to know gives meaning to or supplements or qualifies their agreement.
(1) 行业惯例指交易的实践。此种实践在一个地方、一种行业或一类贸易中已经得到经常性地遵循，从而使人有理由期望它在该有争议的交易中也将得到遵守。 行业惯例可能包含一种经常遵守的规则制度，尽管某些规则不时的在发生变化。
 
 
(2) 行业惯例之存在与范围属于一个事实问题。如果在书面的贸易发电或类似书面文书中具体地表达了一个行业惯例，则法院对该书面文书的解释就属于法律 问题。
(3) 除非双方当事人另有约定，在双方当事人所从事的职业或贸易领域内的行业惯例或双方当事人知道或有理由知道的行业惯例可以就合同的含义作出补充 或限制。
 
§223. COURSE OF DEALING交易过程
(1) A course of dealing is a sequence of previous conduct between the parties to an agreement which is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and other product.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, a course of dealing between the parties gives meaning to or supplements or qualifies their agreements.
(1) 交易过程指特定交易的当事人在此交易之前实施的，可以被合理地视为构成一种当事人共同理解的依据的，用以解释他们的意思表示和其他行为的一系列行为。
 (2) 除非双方当事人另有约定，双方当事人之间的交易过程可以就合 同的含义作出补充或限制。
 
TOPIC 5. CONDITIONS AND SIMILAR EVENTS主题五 条件和类似事件
§224. CONDITION DEFINED条件的定义
A condition is an event, not certain to occur, which must occur, unless its non- occurrence is excused, before performance under a contract becomes due.
条件就是指成就的时间并不确定的事件，这一事件必然会成就，除非在合同项下的义务履行之前，当事人免除了该事件的成就。
 
§225. EFFECTS OF THE NON-OCCURRENCE OF CONDITION条件不成就的效力
(1) Performance of a duty subject to a condition cannot become due unless the condition occurs or its non-occurrence is excused.
(2) Unless it has been excused, the non-occurrence of a condition discharges the duty when the condition can no longer occur.
(3) Non-occurrence of a condition is not a breach by a party unless he is under a duty that the condition occurs.
(1) 附条件义务的履行不会到期，除非条件成就或条件成就被免除。
(2) 当条件的成就不再可能，那么，除非该条件已经被免除，否则条件不予成就可以解除当事人的合同义务。
(3) 条件不予成就并非一方当事人的违约，除非该当事人负有使条件成就的义务。
 
§226. HOW AN EVENT MAY BE MADE A CONDITON事件何以成为合同的条件
An event may be made a condition either by the agreement of the parties or by a term supplied by the court.
双方当事人可以在合同中约定某一事件为合同的条件，或者法院可以将某一事件补充为合同的条件。
 
§227. STANDARDS OF PREFERENCE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS
优先选择有关条件之解释的标准
 
(1) In resolving doubts as to whether an event is made a condition of an obligor's duty, and as to the nature of such an event, an interpretation is preferred that will reduce the obligee's risk of forfeiture, unless the event is within the obligee's control or the circumstances indicate that he has assumed the risk.
(2) Unless the contract is of a type under which only one party generally undertakes duties, when it is doubtful whether
(a) a duty is imposed on an obligee that an event occur, or
(b) the event is made a condition of the obligor's duty, or
(c) the event is made a condition of the obligor's duty and a duty is imposed on the obligee that the event occur, the first interpretation is preferred if the event is within the obligee's control.
(3) In case of doubt, an interpretation under which an event is a condition of an obligor's duty is preferred over an interpretation under which the non-occurrence of the event is a ground for discharge of that duty after it has become a duty to perform.
(1) 在决定一个事件是否属于债权人履行义务的条件，以及确定该事件的本质时，应优先作出减少债权人被没收财产之风险的解释，除非该事件处于债权人的控制之中或特定的情况表明他已经承担了这一风险。
(2) 除非合同为通常只有一方当事人承担义务的合同，如果对下列问题并不确定，即
(a) 是否债权人负有使事件成就的义务，或
(b) 是否该事件是债务人履行义务的条件，或
(c) 是否该时间是债务人履行义务的条件并且债权人负有使事件成就的义务，如果该事件处于债权人的控制之中，则应优先解释为债权人负有使事件成就的 义务。
(3) 在对事件的性质并不确定的情况下，当这一事件已经成为一项义务时，将事件解释为是债务人履行义务的条件要比其解释为不成就就可以解除债务人的义务更为可取。
 
§228. SATISFACTION OF THE OBLIGOR AS A CONDITION
以债务人之满意作为一个条件
 
When it is a condition of an obligor’s duty that he be satisfied with respect to the obligee’s performance or with respect to something else, and it is practical to determine whether a reasonable person in the position of the oligator would be satisfied, an interpretation is preferred under which the condition occurs if such a reasonable person in the position of the obligor would be satisfied.
如果债务人履行义务的条件是债权人的履行行为或其他行为能令其满意，并且确定处于债务人地位的一个正常人是否会对该履行行为或其他行为感到满意是可行的，那么，如果处于债务人地位的正常人会对之满意，则应解释为该条件成就。
 
§229. EXCUSE OF A CONDITION TO AVOID FORFEITURE
为避免没收而免去条件成就
 
To the extent that the non-occurrence of a condition would cause disproportionate forfeiture, a court may excuse the non-occurrence of that condition unless its occurrence was a material part of the agreed exchange.
如果条件的不成就会导致当事人财产不适当地地没收，则法院可以免去条件的成就，除非该条件的成就属于已达成交易的重要组成部分。
 
§230. EVENT THAT TERMINATES A DUTY终止合同义务的事件
(1) Except as stated in subsection(2), if under the terms of the contract the occurrence of an event is to terminate an obligor’s duty of immediate performance or one to pay damages for breach, that duty is discharged if the event occurs.
(2) The obligor’s duty is not discharged if occurrence of the event
(a) is the result of a breach by the obligor of his duty of good faith and fair dealing, or
 (b) could not have been prevented because of impracticability and continuance of the duty does not subject the obligor to a material increase burden.
(3) The obligor’s duty is not discharged if, before the event occurs, the obligor promises to perform the duty even if the event occurs and does not revoke hi s promise before the obligee material changes his position in reliance on it.
(1) 除了(2)小节的规定外，如果依据合同，事件的发生会终止债务人的即时义务或支付违约赔偿金的义务，那么，如果该事件发生，则该义务被解除。
(2) 如果事件的发生属于下列情形，则债务人的义务并不解除
(a) 事件的发生是由于债务人违反了善意义务和公平交易的义务而导致的，或
(b) 事件的发生由于合同的无法实施而不可能被阻却，并且义务的连续性要求不得在实质上增加债务人的负担。
(3) 如果在事件发生之前，债务人允诺即使事件发生其也会履行义务，并且在债权人基于对这一允诺的信赖而实质性地变更其主张之前不撤回该允诺，那么，该债务人的义务并不解除。
 
CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE
第十章  合同的履行与不履行
TOPIC 1. PERFORMANCES TO BE EXCHANGED UNDER AN EXCHANGE OF PROMISES
主题一  以允诺换履行
§231. CRITERION FOR DETERMINING WHEN PERFORMANCES ARE TO BE EX CHANGED UNDER AN EXCHANGE OF PROMISES
确定何时可以以允诺交换履行的标准
 
Performances are to be exchanged under an exchange of promises if each promise is at least part of the consideration for the other and the performance of each promise is to be exchanged at least in part for the performance of the other.
如果一个允诺对于他方当事人而言至少属于部分约因，并且该允诺的履行至少是为部分地换取他方当事人的履行行为，那么，该履行行为即为以允诺为交换之履行。
 
§232. WHEN IT IS PRESUMED THAT PERFORMANCES ARE TO BE EXCHANGE D UNDER AN EXCHANGE OF PROMISES
何时可以推定履行行为是以允诺为交换之履行
 
When the consideration given by each party to a contract consists in whole or in part of promises, all the performances to be rendered by each party taken collectively are treated as performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promise, unless a contrary intention is clearly manifested.
如果合同的每一方当事人所提供的约因中全部或部分地包含了多个允诺，那么，除非有明显的相反意图表示，由每一方当事人所共同实施的所有履行行为应被视为以允诺为交换之履行。
 
§233. PERFORMANCE AT ONE TIME OR IN INSTALLMENTS一次性或分期履行
(1) Where performances are to be exchanged under an exchange of promises, and the whole of one party’s performance can be rendered at one time, it is due at one time, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Where only a part of one party’s performance is due at one time under subsection(1), if the other party’s performance can be so apportioned that there is a comparable part that can also be rendered at that time, it is due at that ti me, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(1) 在以允诺换履行的情况下，除非语言或特定情况表明了相反的含义，一方当事人之全部履行义务可以一次性作出，一次性到期。
(2) 依据(1)小节的规定，在一方当事人的履行义务一次只有部分到期的情况下，如果他方当事人的履行行为被分配成若干部分，以至在上述一方当事人的部分 履行义务到期的时候，该当事人也作出了相应部分的履行，那么，除非语言或 特定情况表明了相反的含义，该他方当事人之义务在当时也一并到期。
 
 §234. ORDER OF PERFORMANCES履行的顺序
(1) Where all or part of the performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises can be rendered simultaneously, they are to that extent due simultaneously, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Except to the extent stated in Subsection(1), where the performance of only one party under such an exchange requires a period of time, his performance is due at an earlier time than that of the other party, unless the language o r the circumstances indicate the contrary.
(1) 如果以允诺为交换的全部或部分履行行为可以同时作出，那么，除非语言或特定情况有相反的暗示，这些履行义务也应同时到期。
(2) 除了(1)小节所规定的范围外，在以允诺换取履行行为的情况下，如果只有一方当事人为履行行为还需一段时间，那么，除非语言或特定情况有相反的暗示，该当事人的履行义务早于对方当事人到期。
 
TOPIC2. EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE
主题二  履行和不履行的法律后果
§235. EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE AS DISCHARGE AND OF NON-PERFROMANCE AS BREACH
履行解除合同，不履行构成违约
 
(1) Full performance of a duty under a contract discharges the duty.
(2) When performance of a duty under a contract is due any non-performance is a breach.
(1) 合同项下义务的全部履行解除了当事人的合同义务。
(2) 如果合同项下义务的履行到期，任何不履行行为都构成违约。
 
§236. CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES FOR TOTAL AND FOR PARTIAL BREACH
全部违约和部分违约时的损害赔偿请求
 
(1) A claim for damages for total breach is one for damages based on all of the injured party’s remaining rights to performance.
(2) A claim for damages for partial breach is one for damages based on only p art of the injured party’s remaining rights to performance.
(1) 如果受损一方当事人享有要求他方履行剩余义务的全部权利，则其可以就他方当事人之全部违约提出损害赔偿请求。
(2) 如果受损一方当事人享有要求他方履行剩余义务的部分权利，则其可以就他方当事人之部分违约提出损害赔偿请求。
 
§237. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A FAILURE TO RENDER PERFORMANCE
没有实施履行行为对他方当事人所承担义务的法律效力
 
Except as stated in §240, it is a condition of each party’s remaining duties to r ender performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises that the re be no uncured material failure by the other party to render any such performance due at an earlier time.
除了§240 的规定外，在以允诺换履行的情况下，如果他方当事人可以在义务到期之前通过实施履行行为对重大违约进行补救，则每一方当事人都负有实施该履行行为的义务。
 
§238. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A FAILURE TO OFFER PERFORMANCE
没有提出履行行为对他方当事人所承担义务的法律效力
 
Where all or part of the performance to be exchanged under an exchange of promises are due simultaneously, it is a condition of each party’s duties to render such performance that the other party either render or, with manifested p resent ability to do so, offer performance of his part of the simultaneous exchange.
在以允诺换履行、并且全部或部分的履行义务同时到期的情况下，如果他方当事人明确以现有的能力实施履行行为、或者提出履行其同时交换的部分行为，则每一方当事人都负有实施该履行行为的义务。
 
§239. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A FAILURE JUSTIFIED BY NON- OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
他方当事人由于条件未成就合法而不履行义务时的法律后果
 
(1) A party’s failure to render or to offer performance may, except as stated in subsection (2), affect the other party’s duties under the rules stated in §§237 and 238 even though failure is justified by the non-occurrence of a condition.
(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) does not apply if the other party assumed the risk that he would have to perform in spite of such a failure.
(1) 除了(2) 小节的规定外，如果一方当事人不实施或不提出实施履行行为，则会影响他方当事人依照§§237 所承担的义务，尽管该当事人是基于条件未成就这一合法理由而为此行为的。
(2) 尽管一方当事人基于条件未成就的合法理由而不实施或不提出实施履行行为，但是如果他方当事人承担不得不为履行的风险，则(1) 小节的规定不予适用。
 
§240. PART PERFORMANCES AS AGREED EQUIVALENTS部分履行作为约定的等价物
If the performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises can be apportioned into corresponding pairs of part performances so that the parts o f each pair are properly regarded as agreed equivalents, a party’s performance of his part of such a pair has the same effect on the other’s duties to render performance of the agreed equivalent as it would have if only that pair of performances had been promised.
在以允诺换履行的情况下，如果当事人的履行有可能分解成相互对应的一对对部分履行，以至于每对中的部分履行都可以适当地被视为是约定的等价物，那么，只有在双方当事人已经就该对履行达成一致的情况下，一方当事人就该对中的部分履行行为对他方当事人就约定的等价物所实施的履行行为具有与其全部履行时相同的效力。
 
 §241. CIRCUMSTANCES SIGNIFICANT IN DETERMINING WHETHER A FAILURE IS MATERIAL
确定是否存在重大违约时应考虑的重要情形
 
In determining whether a failure to render or to offer performance is material, the following circumstances are significant:
(a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprive of the benefit which he reasonably expected;
(b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately compensated for t he part of that benefit of which he will be deprived;
(c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will suffer forfeiture;
(d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will cure his failure, taking account of all the circumstances including any reasonable assurances;
(e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and fair dealing.
在确定当事人不实施履行或提出履行的行为是否属于重大违约时，应考虑下列
重要情形：
(a) 受损一方被剥夺的、其合理期待之利益的范围；
(b) 受损一方被剥夺的、其合理期待之部分利益能够获得充分补偿的范围；
(c) 没有履行或没有提出履行的一方当事人遭受没收的程度；
(d) 通观考虑了包括合理的担保在内的所有情形后，没有履行或没有提出履行的一方当事人作出补救的可能性；
(e) 没有履行或没有提出履行的一方当事人的行为与善意及公平交易之标准的符合程度。
 
§242. CIRCUMSTANCES SIGNIFICANT IN DETERMINING WHEN REMAINING DUTIES ARE DISCHRGED
确定何时免除剩余义务时应考虑的重要情形
 
In determining the time after which a party’s uncured material failure to render or to offer performance under the rules stated in §§237 and 238, the following circumstances are significant:
(a) those stated in §241;
(b) the extent to which it reasonably appears to the injured party that delay may prevent or hinder him in making reasonable substitute arrangements;
(c) the extent to which the agreement provides for performances without delay, but a material failure to perform or to offer to perform on a stated day does not of itself discharge the other party’s remaining duties unless the circumstances, including the language of the agreement, indicate that performance or a n offer to perform by that day is important.
在确定此后一方当事人无法依据§§237 和 238 的规定对违约进行救济的时间时因考虑下列重要情形：
 (a) §241 所规定的那些情形；
(b) 延迟履行合同可能会阻碍或阻却其作出合理的替代合同这一情形对受损方而言看似合理；
(c) 合同规定了不得延迟履行，但是在一个约定日期的重大违约本身并不解除他方当事人的剩余义务，除非特殊情况，包括合同语言等表明那日的履行行为或 允诺履行意义重大。
 
§243.EFFECT OF A BREACH BY NON-PERFORMANCE AS GIVING RIASE TO A CLAIM FOR DAMAGES FOR TOTAL BREACH
不履行义务的违约行为如果造成了当事人就全部违约提出损害赔偿请求权时的法律后果
 
(1) With respect to performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises, a breach by non-performance gives rise to a claim for damages for tot al breach only if it discharges the injured party’s remaining duties to render such performance, other than a duty to render an agreed equivalent under §240.
(2) Except as stated in Subsection (3), a breach by non-performance accompanied or followed by a repudiation gives rise to a claim for damage for total breach.
(3) Where at the time of the breach the only remaining duties of performance are those of the party in breach and are for the payment of money installments not related to one another, his breach by non-performance as to less than t he whole, whether or not accompanied or followed by a repudiation, does not give rise to claim for damages for total breach.
(4) In any case other than those stated in the preceding subsections, a breach by non-performance gives rise to a claim for total breach only if it so substantially impairs the value of the contract to the injured party at the time of the breach that it is just in the circumstances to allow him to recover damages based on all his remaining rights to performance.
(1) 在以允诺换履行的情况下，只有当不履行义务的违约行为解除了受损方实施履行的剩余义务，而非依据§240 的规定提出一个等价物的义务时，受损方可以就全部违约行为提出损害赔偿请求权。
(2) 除了(3)小节的规定外，由于不履行之后决议毁弃合同的违约行为也可以使对方当事人就全部违约行为提出损害赔偿请求权。
 (3) 如果在违约之时，违约方只有系列分期付款的义务没有履行，并且这些分期付款的义务彼此并不相关，而且违约方只是就部分的分期付款义务没有履行， 那么，不论违约之后会不会出现合同的毁弃，该违约行为并不产生对全部违约 行为的损害赔偿请求权。
(4) 在前面所述情形之外的任何情况下，如果不履行义务的违约行为实质上损害了受损方的合同利益，以至于基于其享有的要求履行的这一未行使权利应给予其赔偿，则该违约行为可以使受损方就全部违约提出损害赔偿请求权。
 
§244. EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT EVENTS ON DUTY TO PAY DAMAGES
事后事件对支付损害赔偿金的法律后果
 
A party’s duty to pay damages for total breach by non-performance is discharged if appears after the breach that there would have been a total failure by t he injured party to perform his return promise.
如果在一方当事人不履行义务而违约之后，受损害的一方本来就完全不能履行该方相应的承诺，违约方因该完全违约而支付损害赔偿金的义务便因此而被免除。
 
 
EFFECT OF A BREACH BY NON-PERFORMANCE AS EXCUSING THE NON OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
当不履行义务的违约行为免除条件之不成就时的法律后果
 
Where a party’s breach by non-performance contributes materially to the non- occurrence of a condition of one of his duties, the non-occurrence is excused.
如果一方当事人不履行义务的违约行为实质上造成了其所承担的某一义务的条件不成就，则免去该条件的成就。
 
§246. EFFECT OF ACCEPTANCE AS EXCUSING THE NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
当承诺免去条件成就时的法律后果
 
(1) Except as stated in Subsection(2), an obligor’s acceptance or his retention for an unreasonable time of the obligee’s performance, with knowledge of or reason to know of the non-occurrence of a condition of the obligor’s duty, operates as a promise to perform in spite of that non-occurrence, under the rules stated in §84
(2) If at the time of its acceptance or retention the obligee’s performance involves such attachment to the obligor’s property that removal would cause material loss, the obligor’s acceptance or retention of that performance operates as a promise to perform in spite of the non-occurrence of the condition, under th e rules stated in §84, only if the obligor with knowledge of or reason to know of the defects manifests assent to the performance.
(1) 除了(2) 小节的规定外，债务人如果知道或有理由知道其义务履行的条件并不会成就，那么，该债务人的承诺行为或在债权人履行义务的不合理期间内保 持沉默的行为就等于其允诺虽然条件并不成 就，但债务人还是会依据§84 节的 规定履行义务。
(2) 如果在债务人作出承诺或在债权人履行义务的不合理期间内保持沉默之时 ， 债权人的履行行为增加了债务人的财产，以至于剥夺这些财产会给债务人造成 重大损失，则只有在该债务人知道或有理由知道双方的意思表示存在瑕疵的情 况下，该债务人的承诺行为或沉默行为相当于其允诺尽管条件不成就，但债务 人还是会依据§84 节的规定履行义务。
 
§247. EFFECT OF ACCEPTANCE OF PART PERFORMANCE AS EXCUSING THE S UBSEQUENT NON-OCCUTRENCE OF A CONDITION
部分履行的承诺免去事后条件的成就时的法律后果
 
An obligor’s acceptance of part of the obligee’s performance, with knowledge or reason to know of the non-occurrence of a condition of the obligor’s duty, operates as a promise to perform in spite of a subsequent non-occurrence of the condition under the rules stated in §84 to the extent that it justifies the obligee in believing that subsequent performances will be accepted in spite of that non-occurrence.
如果债务人知道或有理由知道其义务履行的条件并不成就，那么，如果该债务人接受了债权人的部分履行行为，则相当于其允诺尽管事后条件并不成就，仍会依据§84 节的规定履行义务，只要债权人合理地相信虽然条件不会成就，但是债务人还会接受以后的履行行为。
 
 
§248. EFFECT OF INSUFFICIENT REASON FRO REJECTION AS EXCUSING THE NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
拒绝接受的不充足理由免去条件成就时的法律后果
 
where a party rejecting a defective performance or offer of performance gives an insufficient reason for rejection the non-occurrence of a condition of his duty is excused only if he knew or had reason to know of that non-occurrence and then only to the extent that the giving of an insufficient reason substantially contributes to a failure by the other party to cure.
如果当事人拒绝接受有瑕疵的履行行为或作出履行的承诺，并提供了一个不充足的理由，只有在他知道或有理由知道条件不会成就，并且只有在提供出一个不充足的理由在实质上有助于使他方当事人不为补救，则可以免去其履行义 务条件的成就。
 
§249. WHEN PAYMENT OTHER THAN BY LEGAL TENDER IS SUFFICIENT
使用非法定货币支付何时是充分的
 
Where the payment of offer of payment of money is made a condition of an obligor’s duty, payment or offer of payment in any manner current in the ordinary course of business satisfies the requirements unless the obligee demands payment in legal tender and gives any extension of time reasonably necessary to procure it.
如果债务人履行义务的条件是债权人作出支付或作出支付的承诺，则在通常的商业过程中以任何货币作出的支付都符合要求，除非债权人要求使用法定货币支付并且给与了收取该类货币所需要的合理的延长期限。
 
TOPIC 3, EFFECT OF PROSPECTIVE NON-PERFORMANCE
主题三 预期违约的法律后果
 
§250. WHEN A STATEMENT OR AN ACT IS A REPUDIATION
什么样的陈述或行为表明是对合同的毁弃
 
A repudiation is合同的毁弃就是
(a) a statement by the obligor to the obligee indicating that the obligor will commit a breach that would of itself give the oblige a claim for damages for tot al breach under §243, or
(b) a voluntary affirmative act which renders the obligor unable or apparently unable to perform without such a breach.
(a) 债务人向债权人声明其要实施违约，并且该违约本身赋予债权人有权依据§243 节的规定就全部违约提出损害赔偿请求权，或
(b) 债务人自愿的、确定性的行为表表明债务人不得不或好象必须违约。
 
§251. WHEN A FAILURE TO GIVE ASSURANCE MAY BE TREATED AS A REPUDIATION
没有提供担保何时应被视为是毁弃合同
 
(1) Where reasonable grounds arise to believe that the obligor will commit a b reach by non-performance that would of itself give the obligee a claim for da mages for total breach under §243, the obligee may demand adequate assurance of due performance and may, if reasonable, suspend any performance for which he has not already received the agreed exchange until he receives such assurance.
(2) The obligee may treat as a repudiation the obligor’s failure to provide with in a reasonable time such assurance of due performance as is adequate in the circumstances of the particular case.
(1) 如果债权人有合理的理由相信债务人将要违约，并且该违约行为本身赋予了债权人依据§243 就全部违约提出损害赔偿请求的权利，则该债权人可以要求债务人对到期义务提供充分的担保，并且，如果合理的话，可以暂停直到他收到担保之后才可以收到的、已达成对价所交换的任何履行行为。
(2) 如果债务人在合理的期间内，没有就到期的义务提供对于有争议案件的特殊情况充分的担保，则债权人应将其位提供担保的行为视为对合同的毁弃。
 
 
§252. EFFECT OF INSOLVENCY破产的法律后果
(1) Where the obligor’s insolvency gives the obligee reasonable grounds to believe that the obligor will commit a breach under the rule sated in §251, the obligee may suspend any performance for which he has not already received th e agreed exchange until he receive assurance in the form of performance itself, an offer of performance, or adequate security.
(2) A person is insolvent who either has ceased to pay his debts in the ordinary course of business or cannot pay his debts as they become due or is insolvent within the meaning of the federal bankruptcy law.
(1) 如果债务人的破产使得债权人有合理的理由相信债务人将要实施 §251 中规定的违约行为，则该债权人可以暂停直到他收到担保之后才可以收到的、已达成 对价所交换的任何履行行为，其担保的形式可以是履行行为本身，或作出履行 的承诺或是提供充分的担保。
(2) 如果一个人在正常的商业过程中停止支付债务或当债务到期时无法支付债务，则其属于破产债务人或者属于联邦破产法意义上的破产人。
 
 §253. EFFECT OF A REPUDIATION AS A BREACH AND ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES
以毁弃合同实施违约的法律后果和对他方当事人义务的影响
 
(1) Where an obligor repudiates a duty before he has committed a breach by non-performance and before he has received all of the agreed exchange for it his repudiation alone gives rise to a claim for damages for total breach.
(2) Where performance are to be exchanged under an exchange of promises, one party’s repudiation of a duty to render performance discharges the other’s remaining duties to render performance.
(1) 如果债务人在违约之前以及收到所有已达成的交换之前，毁弃了他为之作出交换的义务，则其毁弃行为本身只赋予了对方债权人就全部违约可以提出损 害赔偿请求的权利。
(2) 在以允诺换履行的情况下，一方当事人毁弃其履行的义务解除了他方当事人未履行的义务。
 
§254. EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT EVENTS ON DUTY TO PAY DAMAGES
事后事件对支付损害赔偿金义务的效力
 
(1) A party’s duty to pay damages for total breach by repudiation is discharged if it appear after the breach that there would have been a total failure by the injured party to perform his return promise.
(2) A party’s duty to pay damages for total breach by repudiation is discharged if it appears after the breach that the duty that he repudiated would have been discharged by impracticability or frustration before any breach by non-performance.
(1) 如果情况表明，在一方因拒绝履约而完全违约之后，受损害的一方本来就完全不能履行该方相应的承诺，违约方因该完全违约而支付损害赔偿金的义务 便因此而被免除。
 (2) 如果情况表明，在一方因拒绝履约而完全违约之后，一方当事人所毁弃的义务在违约之前本来就应基于不可实施性或落空性而免除， 违约方因该完全违约而支付赔偿金的义务便因此而被免除。
 
§255. EFFECT OF A REPUDIATION AS EXCUSING THE NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITION
合同的毁弃免去条件成就的法律后果
 
Where a party’s repudiation contributes materially to the non-occurrence of a condition of one of his duties, the non-occurrence is excused.
 如果一方当事人毁弃合同的行为实质上造成了其履行义务的一个条件的成就， 则可以免去该条件的成就。
 
§256. NULLIFICATION OF REPUDIATION OR BASIS FOR REPUDAIATION
毁弃无效或毁弃的理由
 
(1) The effect of a statement as constituting a repudiation under §250 or the basis for repudiation under §251 is nullified by a retraction of the statement if notification of the retraction comes to the attention of the injured party before he materially changes his position in reliance on the repudiation or indicates t o the other party that he considers the repudiation to be final.
(2) The effect of events other than a statement as constituting a repudiation under §250 or the basis for a repudiation under §251 is nullified if, to the knowledge of the injured party, those events have ceased to exist before he materially changes his position in reliance on the repudiation or indicates to the ot her party that he considers the repudiation to be final.
(1) 依据§250 作出的毁弃声明或依据§251 所提供的毁弃理由可以通过作出一个撤回声明而使其失去效力，条件是在当事人基于对毁弃行为的信赖而实质性地 变更其决定之前或在向他方当事人表明该毁弃合同的行为具有最终性之前，撤 回毁弃的通知书到达了受损方。
(2) 对于除依据§250 作出的毁弃声明或依据§251 所提供的毁弃理由之外的事件而言，如果受损方知道这些事件的存在，那么，这些事件在当事人基于对毁弃 行为的信赖而实质性地变更其决定之前或在向他方当事人表明该毁弃合同的行 为具有最终性之前是无效的。
 
§257. EFFECT OF URGING PERFORMANCE IN SPITE OF REPUDIATION
尽管合同已经毁弃，仍然鼓励履行的法律效力
 
The injured party does not change the effect of a repudiation by urging the repudiator to perform in spite of his repudiation or to retract his repudiation.
受损的一方不得通过鼓励作出毁弃的当事人在毁弃之后履行合同或撤回毁弃决定来变更合同毁弃之后的效力。
 
TOPIC 4. APPLICATION OF PERFORMANCE主题四 履行适用
 
§258. OBLIGOR’S DIRECTION OF APPLICATION债务人指示
 
(1) Except as stated in subsection (2), as between two or more contractual duties owed by an obligor to the same obligee, a performance is applied according to a direction made by the obligor to the obligee at or before the time of performance.
(2) If the obligor is under a duty to a third person to devote a performance to the discharge of a particular duty that the obligor owes to the obligee and the obligee knows or has reason to know this, the obligor’s performance is applied to that duty.
(1) 除了(2) 小节的规定外，如果债务人所负有的两项或多项合同义务是针对同一债权人，则在履行义务之时或之前，应依据债务人对债权人的指示履行义务。
 (2) 如果债务人对第三人的一项义务解除了其对债权人所负有的特殊义务，并且债权人知道或有理由知道该事实，则债务人履行义务的行为解除了其对债权 人所负有的特殊义务。
 
§259. CREDITOR’S APPLICATION债权人权利的实现
(1) Except as stated in subsection (2) and (3), if the debtor has not directed application of a payment as between two or more matured debts, the payment is applied according to a manifestation of intention made within a reasonable time by the creditor to the debtor.
(2) A creditor cannot apply such a payment to debt if
(a) the debtor could not have directed its application to that debt, or
(b) a forfeiture would result from a failure to apply it to another debt and the creditor knows or has reason to know this, or
(c) the debt is disputed or is unenforceable on grounds of public policy.
(3) If a creditor is owed one such debt in his own right and another in a fiduciary capacity, he cannot, unless empowered to do so by the beneficiary, effectively apply to the debt in his own right a greater proportion of a payment than that borne by the unsecured portion of that debt to the unsecured portions of both claims.
 (1) 除了(2)和(3)的规定外，如果债务人还没有就两项或多项已经到期的债务之间的支付作出指示，则债务人应依据债权人在合理的期间内向债务人所作出的意思表示作出支付。
(2) 在下列情况下，债权人不得申请适用上述支付：
(a) 债务人不可能就债务作出指示；
(b) 如果没有就另外的债务作出支付会导致没收的结果，并且债权人知道或有合理的理由知道该事实；或
(c) 该债务是有争议的或者基于公共政策是不可执行的。
(3) 如果债权人自身负有这样的债务，并且同时作为受托人负有这样的债务，则除非获得受益人的授权，否则如果权利人就这些未担保的债务提出两项主张， 则该债权人以自己的权利地履行其中超过因未担保而导致的债务的那一部分给 付义务的行为无效。
 
§260. APPLICATION OF PAYMENTS WHERE NEITHER PARTY EXERCISES HIS POWER
如果双方当事人都没有行使权利时的支付行为
 
(1) If neither the debtor nor the creditor has exercised his power with respect to the application of a payment as between two or more matured debts, the payment is applied to debts to which the creditor could have applied it with jus t regard to the interests of third persons, the debtor and the creditor.
(2) In applying payments under the rule stated in subsection(1), a payment is applied to the earliest matured debt and ratably among debts of the same maturity, except that preference is given
(a) to a debt that the debtor is under a duty to a third person to pay immediately, and
(b) if he is not under such a duty,
(i) to overdue interest rather than principal, and
(ii) to an unsecured or precarious debt rather than one that is secured or certain of payment.
(1) 如果债务人和债权人都没有就两项或多项已到期的债务之间的支付行使权力时，则此项支付只包含债权人应就第三人、债务人和债权人的利息所获得的支付。
(2) 在依据(1)小节的规定作出支付时，应支付最早到期的债务，并且如果是同时到期的，应先支付可估价的债务，但除了应优先支付
(a) 债务人对第三人承担的即时支付义务，和
(b) 如果债务人对第三人不承担这样的即时支付义务， 应支付过期利息，而不是本金，和应支付未担保的或者是不确定的债务，而不是已担保的或确定的债务。
 
CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE
第十一章  履行不能和履行目的落空
§261. DISCHARGE BY SUPERVENING IMPRACTICABILITY
由于事后的无法实施而解除合同义务
 
Where, after a contract is made, a party’s performance is made impracticable without his fault by the occurrence of an event the non-occurrence of which w as a basic assumption on which the contract was made, his duty to render that performance is discharged, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
在合同订立之后，如果在当事人并没有过错的情况下，由于某一事件的发生导致了该当事人的义务无法履行，并且该事件的不发生是合同订立时的基本假定，则应解除该当事人的履行义务，除非合同语言或特殊情况表明了相反的含义。
 
§262. DEATH OR INCAPACITY OF PERSON NECESSARY FOR PERFORMANCE
履行义务的必要人物死亡或丧失行为能力
 
If the existence of a particular person is necessary for the performance of a duty, his death or such incapacity as makes performance impracticable is an event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made.
如果履行义务的必要人物死亡或丧失行为能力，则表明合同订立时的基本假定 没有成就，因此义务的履行成为不可能。
 
 
§263. DESTRUCTION, DETERIORATION OR FAILURE TO COME INTO EXISTE NCE OF THING NECESSARY FOR PERFORMANCE
履行义务所必要的事物的毁损、破坏或落空
 
If the existence of a specific thing is necessary for the performance of a duty, its failure to come into existence, destruction, or such deterioration as makes performance impracticable is an event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made.
如果对于义务履行所必要的事物不存在、被毁损或被破坏，则表明合同订立时的基本假定没有成就，因此义务的履行成为不可能。
 
§264. PREVENTION BY GOVERNMENTALREGULATION OR ORDER
由于政府法令而使履行受阻
 
If the performance of a duty is made impracticable by having to comply with a domestic or foreign governmental regulation or order, that regulation or order is an event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which t he contract was made.
如果依据国内或国外的某一政府法令，履行合同义务并不可行，则这一政府法令即为合同订立时基本假定没有成就而导致履行不能的事件。
 
§265. DISCHARGE BY SUPERVENING FRUSTRATION
由于事后合同目的的落空而解除合同
 
Where, after a contract is made, a party’s principal purpose is substantially frustrated without his fault by the occurrence of an event the no-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made, his remaining duties to render performance are discharged, unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.
在合同订立之后，由于合同赖以订立的基本假定的不发生导致一方当事人主要的合同目的实质上落空，而该方当事人并没有过错，在这种情况下，应解除该当事人未履行的合同义务，除非合同语言或特殊情况表明了相反的意思。
 
§266. EXISTING IMPRACTICABILITY OR FRUSTRATION现有的履行不能或目的落空
 
(1) Where, at the time a contract is made, a party’s performance under it is impracticable without his fault because of a fact of which he has no reason to know and the non-existence of which is a basic assumption on which the contract is made, no duty to render that performance arise, unless the language o r circumstances indicate the contrary.
(2) Where, at the time a contract is made, a party’s principal purpose is substantially frustrated without his fault by a fact of which he has no reason to know and the non-existence of which is a basic assumption on which the contract is made, no duty of that party to render performance arises, unless the language or circumstances indicate the contrary.
(1) 如果在合同订立时，在当事人没有过错的情况下，由于其没有理由知道事实的存在，并且合同赖以订立的基本假定并不存在，从而导致合同义务并不存 在，则发生履行不能的情形，除非合同语言或特殊情况有表明了相反的意思。
(2) 如果在合同订立时，在当事人没有过错的情况下，由于其没有理由知道事实的存在，并且合同赖以订立的基本假定并不存在，从而导致合同义务并不存在，则说明该当事人的主要合同目的实质上已经落空，除非合同语言或特殊情 况有表明了相反的意思。
 
§267. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A FAILURE JUSTIFIED BY IMPR ACTICABILITY OR FRUSTRATION
履行不能或合同目的落空合法致使一方当事人不履行义务对他方当事人所承担义务的法律效力
 
(1) a party’s failure to render or to offer performance may, except as stated in subsection (2), affect the other party’s duties under the rules stated in §§237 and 238 even though the failure is justified under the rules stated in this chapter.
(2) The rule stated in subsection (1) does not apply if the other party assumed the risk that he would have to perform despite such a failure.
(1) 除了(2) 小节的规定外，虽然本章规定一方当事人可以合法地不履行义务， 但是其不履行义务的行为可以影响他方当事人依据§§237 和 238 所承担的义务。
(2) 如果他方当事人在上述履行不能存在的情况下，仍然承担本应该履行义务的风险，则(1) 小节的规定不予适用。
 
§268. EFFECT ON OTHER PARTY’S DUTIES OF A PROSPECTIVE FAILURE JUST IFIED BY IMPRACTICABILITY OR FRUSTRATION
履行不能或合同目的落空致使预期违约对他方当事人所承担义务的法律效力
 
(1) A party’s prospective failure of performance may, except as stated in subsection (2), discharge the other party’s duties or allow him to suspend performance under the rues stated in §§251(1) and 253(2) even though the failure would be justified under the rules stated in this chapter.
(2) The rule stated in Subsection (1) does not apply if the other party assume d the risk that he would have to perform in spite such a failure.
(1) 除了(2)小节的规定外，虽然本章规定一方当事人可以合法地不履行义务，但是预期违约可以解除他方当事人的合同义务或允许他方当事人暂停 §§251(1) 和 253(2)中规定的合同义务。
(2) 如果他方当事人在上述履行不能存在的情况下，仍然承担本应该履行义务的风险，则(1) 小节的规定不予适用。
 
§269. TEMPORARY IMPRACTICABILITY OR FRUSTRATION
暂时性地履行不能或合同目的落空
 
impracticability of performance or frustration of purpose that is only temporary suspends the obligor’s duty to perform while the impracticability or frustration exists but does not discharge his duty or prevent it from arising unless his performance after the cessation of the impracticability or frustration would be materially more burdensome than had there been no impracticability or frustration.
如果履行不能或合同目的落空事实只是存在，而并不解除当事人的义务或阻止目的的实现，则该履行不能或合同目的落空只是暂停了债务人的履行义务，除 非该债务人所承担的义务在上述事实消灭之后实质上要比如果没有上述事实存 在时所承担的义务更为繁重。
 
 §270. PARTIAL IMPRACTICABILITY部分履行不能
 
Where only part of an obligor’s performance is impracticable his duty to render the remaining part is unaffected if
(a) it is still practicable for him to render performance that is substantial, taking account of any reasonable substitute performance that he is under a duty to render; or
(b) the obligee, within a reasonable time, agrees to render any remaining performance in full and to allow the obligor to retain any performance that as already been rendered.
在下列情况下，如果债务人的义务只是部分不能履行，则其剩余义务的履行并不受此影响：
(a) 考虑债务人负有义务实施的任何合理的替代履行行为，债务人实施实质意义上的履行行为仍然可行；或
(b) 债权人在合理的期间内同意全部履行未履行的行为，并且允许债务人保留已经完成的履行行为。
 
§271. IMPRACTICABILITY AS EXCUSE FOR NON-OCCURRENCE OF A CONDITI ON
履行不能作为条件不成就的理由
 
Impracticability excuses the non-occurrence of a condition if the occurrence of the condition is not a material part of the agreed exchange and forfeiture would otherwise result.
如果条件的成就并非双方当事人已达成交换的重要部分，并且没收会导致相反的结果，则履行不能可以作为条件不成就的理由。
 
§272. RELIEF INCLUDING RESTITUTION包括恢复原状在内的救济
(1) In any case governed by the rules stated in this chapter, either party may have a claim for relief including restitution under the rules stated in §§240 an d 377.
(2) In any case governed by the rules stated in this chapter, if those rules tog ether with the rules stated in chapter 16 will not avoid injustice, the court ma y grant relief on such terms as justice requires including protection of the parties reliance interests.
(1) 如果本章所规定的任何情形发生，任何当事人都可以依据§§240 和 377 的规定提出包括恢复原状在内的救济请求。
(2) 在适用本章所规定规则的情况下，如果这些规则连同第十六章所规定的规则并不能避免不公正，则法院可以依据公正的要求给予当事人包括信赖利益在内的救济。
 
 CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION
第十二章  双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务
 
TOPIC 1, THE REQUIREMENT OF CONSIDERATION 主题一  对约因的要求
§273. REQUIREMENT OF CONSIDERATION OR A SUBSTITUTE
 
Except as stated in §§274-77, an obligee’s manifestation of assent to discharge is not effective unless
(a) it is made for consideration,
(b) it is made in circumstances in which a promise would be enforceable with out consideration, or
(c) it has induced such action or forbearance as would make a promise enforceable.
§273. 约因或替代约因的要求
除了§§274-77 的规定外，债权人解除合同义务的意思表示无效，除非
(a) 该意思表示是为约因而作出，
(b) 该意思表示是在允诺在没有约因时可执行的情况下作出的，或
(c) 该意思表示诱使他方作出可使允诺具有执行力的作为或不作为。
 
§274. CANCELLATION, DESTRUCTION OR SURRENDER OF A WRITING
书面文书的撤消、毁损或收回
 
An obligee’s cancellation, destruction or surrender to the obligor of a writing of a type customarily accepted as a symbol or as evidence of his right discharges without consideration the obligor’s duty if it is done with the manifested intention to discharge it.
如果债权人向债务人撤消、毁损或收回一个通常被认为是其行使权利的象征或证据的书面文书，并且债权人同时作出了撤消债务人义务的意思表示，则债券人撤消、毁损或收回该文书的行为不带约因地解除了债务人的义务。
 
§275. CONSENT TO DISCHARGE DUTY OF RETURN PERFORMANCE
同意解除作出相应承诺的义务
 
If a party, before he has fully performed his duty under a contract, manifests t o the other party his assent to discharge the other party’s duty to render part or all of the agreed exchange, the duty is to that extent discharged without condition.
如果一方当事人在完全履行合同项下的义务时，向他方当事人表示其同意解除他方当事人就已达成的交换而为部分或全部履行的义务，则该义务为不带约因而被解除的义务。
 
§276. ASSENT TO DISCHARGE DUTY TO TRANSGER PROPERTY
同意解除转让财产的义务
 
A duty of an obligor in possession of identified personal property to transfer a n interest in that property is discharged without consideration if the oblige manifests to the obligor his assent to the discharge of that duty.
如果债权人向债务人表示同意解除债务人转让其拥有的确定动产利益的义务，则该债务人的转让动产的义务为不带约因而被解除的义务。
 
§277. RENUNCIATION对债务人义务的放弃
(1) A written renunciation signed and delivered by the obligee discharges with out consideration a duty arising out of a breach of contract
(2) A renunciation by the oblibee on his acceptance from the obligor of some performance under a contract discharges without consideration a duty to pay damages for a breach that gives rise only to a claim for damages for partial breach of contract.
 (1) 如果债券人签署并且交付了一个书面的放弃文书，则该文书不带约因地解除了由于违约造成的义务。
(2) 如果债权人放弃了债务人就合同义务履行所作出的承诺，那么，如果债务人的违约使得债权人就部分违约可以提出赔偿请求，则债权人的放弃行为不带 约因地解除了债务人支付违约赔偿金的义务，
 
TOPIC 2. SUSTITUTED PERFORMANCE, SUBSTITUTED CONTRACT, ACCORD AND ACCONT STATED
主题二  替代履行行为、替代合同，和解协议以及明细帐
 
§278. SUBSTITUTED PERFORMANCE替代履行行为
(1) If an obligee accepts in satisfaction of the obligor’s duty a performance offered by the obligor that differs from what is due, the duty is discharged.
 
 
(2) If an obligee accepts in satisfaction of the obligor’s duty a performance offered by a third person, the duty is discharged, but an obligor who has not previously assented to the performance for his benefit may in a reasonable time after learning of it render the discharge inoperative from the beginning by disclaimer.
(1) 如果债务人提供与到期义务不同的履行为其合同义务的履行，并为债权人所接受，则原有的到期义务被解除。
(2) 如果第三人代替债务人履行合同义务为债权人所接受，则债务人原有的义务被解除，但是如果债务人如果在此之前并未就第三人代为履行义务的行为表 示同意，该债务人可以在得知之后的合理时间内主张原有合同的解除从义务解 除一开始就无效。
 
  §279. SUBSTITUTED CONTRACT替代合同
(1) A substituted contract is a contract that is itself accepted by the obligee in satisfaction of the obligor is existing duty.
(2) The substituted contract discharges the original duty and breach of the substituted contract by the obligor does not give the obligee a right to enforce t he original duty.
(1) 如果债务人以订立合同作为履行现有义务的方式，并为债权人所接受，则该合同为替代合同。
 (2) 替代合同解除了债务人原有的合同义务，而且债权人不得因债务人违反替代合同而要求其强制执行原有的合同义务。
 
§280. NOVATIOIN合同的更新
A novation is a substituted contract that includes as a party one who was neither the obligor nor the obligee of the original duty.
 如果合同的一方当事人既非债务人，也非原有合同义务的债权人，则该替代合同即为新合同。
 
§281. ACCORD AND SATISFACTION和解与清偿
(1) An accord is a contract under which an obligee promises to accept a state d performance in satisfaction of the obligor’s existing duty. Performance of the accord discharged the original duty.
(2) Until performance of the accord, the original duty is suspended unless the re is such a breach of the accord by the obligor as discharges the new duty of the obligee to accept the performance in satisfaction. If there is such a breach the obligee may enforce either the original duty or any duty under the accord.
(3) Breach of the accord by the obligee does not discharge the original duty, b ut the obligor may maintain a suit for specific performance of the accord, in addition to any claim for damages for partial breach.
(1) 如果债务人以一个陈述的行为履行其现存的合同义务，并且债权人承诺接 受该履行行为，则由此双方达成的协议为和解合同。和解合同的履行解除了债务人原有的义务。
(2) 在和解合同实施之前，债务人的原有合同义务暂停履行，除非债务人违反和解合同的行为导致债权人接受该履行行为的新义务被解除。在这种情况下，债权人可以执行原有的合同义务或者也可以执行和解合同项下的任何义务。
(3) 债权人违反和解合同的行为并不解除其原有的合同义务，但是债务人可以就和解合同的强制执行提起诉讼，另外也可以就部分违约提起损害赔偿请求权。
 
§282. ACCOUNT STATED明细帐
(1) An account stated is a manifestation of assent by debtor and creditor to a stated sum as an accurate computation of an amount due the creditor. A party’s retention without objection for an unreasonably long time of a statement o f account rendered by the other party is manifestation of assent.
(2) The account stated does not itself discharge any duty but is an admission by each party of the facts asserted and promise by the debtor to pay according to its terms.
 (1) 明细帐就是债务人和债权人对作为到期金额的精确计算而达成的意思表示。 一方当事人如果在一个不够合理长的期限内保持沉默，没有就他方当事人提出的帐目说明表示反对，则应视为对明细帐作出了同意的意思表示。
(2) 该明细帐本身并不解除任何义务，而是由各当事人就声称的事实问题所作出的陈述，同时也是债务人表示依照其履行支付的允诺。
 
TOPIC 3. AGREEMENT OF RESCISSION, RELEASE AND CONTRACT NOT TO S UE
主题三 解约协议、弃权书和非诉合同
 
§283. AGREEMENT OF RESCISSION解约协议
(1) An agreement of rescission is an agreement under which each party to discharge all of the other party’s remaining duties of performance under an existing contract.
(2) An agreement of rescission discharge all remaining duties of performance of both parties. It is a question of interpretation whether the parties also agree to make restitution with respect to performance that has been rendered.
(1) 解约协议就是合同各方当事人达成的解除其剩余合同义务的协议。
(2) 解约协议解除了合同当事人双方所有剩余的合同义务。是否双方当事人也同意就已经履行的义务恢复原状取决于对该解约协议的解释。
 
§284. RELEASE弃权书
(1) A release is a writing providing that a duty owed to the maker of the release is discharged immediately or on the occurrence of a condition.
(2) The release takes effect on delivery as stated in §§101-03 and, subject to the occurrence of any condition, discharges the duty.
(1) 弃权书就是规定弃权人放弃他方当事人的义务或该义务在条件成就之后被解除的书面文书。
 (2) 弃权书应依照§§101-03 的规定，一经交付即生效，但是应受条件成就和解除义务的限制。
 
§285. CONTRACT NOT TO SUE非诉合同
(1) A contract not to use is a contract under which the obligee of a duty promises never to sue the obligor or a third person to enforce the duty or not to do so for a limited time.
(2) Except as stated in Subsection (3), a contract never to sue discharges the duty during that time.
(3) A contract not to sue one co-obligor bars levy of execution on the property of the promisee during the agreed time but does not bar an action or the recovery of judgment against any co-obligor.
(1) 非诉合同是规定债权人承诺在有限的时间内不为执行或不执行合同义务而对债务人或第三人提起诉讼的合同。
(2) 除了(3) 小节的规定外，非诉合同解除了合同期间的义务。
(3) 如果非诉合同不向共同债务人之一提起诉讼，则该合同禁止在合同期间执行受允诺人的财产，但是其并不禁止对任何共同债务人提起诉讼或请求作出赔 偿判决。
 
TOPIC A. ALTERATION合同的变更
 
§286. ALTERATION OF WRITING书面文书的变更
(1) If one to whom a duty is owned under a contract alters a writing that is a n integrate agreement or that satisfies the Statute of Frauds with respect to t hat contract, the duty is discharged if the alteration is fraudulent and material.
(2) An alternation is material if it would, if effective, vary any party’s legal relations with the maker of the alteration or adversely affect that party’s legal relations with a third person. The unauthorized insertion in a blank space in a writ ing is an alteration.
(1) 如果某一合同项下的权利人变更了属于不可分割合同的书面文书，或是属于防止欺诈条例中所规定的合同之一，并且这种变更具有欺诈性和重要性，则 该权利人享有的义务人应对其履行的义务被解除。
(2) 如果变更者所作出的变更一旦有效，就会改变任何当事人与变更者的法律关系，或者对当事人与第三人的法律关系产生不利的影响，则这种变更就属重大变更。未经授权就在书面文书的空白处填写内容就属于是一种对书面文书的变更。
 
 §287. ASSENT TO OR FORGIENESS OF ALTERATION同意变更或放弃变更
(1) If a party, knowing of an alteration that discharges his duty, manifests assent to the altered terms, his manifestation is equivalent to an acceptance of a n offer to substitute those terms.
(2) If a party, knowing of an alteration that discharges his duty, asserts a right under the original contract or otherwise manifests a willingness to remain subject to the original contract or to forgive the alteration, the original contract is revived.
(1) 如果一方当事人在明知变更文书会解除其所承担义务的情况下，对变更条款作出了同意的意思表示，则表明该当事人接受了这些变更的条款。
(2) 如果一方当事人在知道变更文书会解除其所承担义务的情况下，主张原有合同项下的权利或以其他方式表示愿意继续遵守原有合同或表示愿意放弃变更，则原有合同有效。
 
 
CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES
第十三章  连带允诺人和受允诺人
 
TOPIC 1. JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS主题一  连带允诺人
 
§288. PROMISES OF THE SAME PERFORMANCE对同一行为的允诺
 
(1) Where two or more promisors to a contract makes a promise or promises to the same promisee, the manifested intention of the parties determines whether they promise that the same performance or separate performances shall be given.
(2) Unless a contrary intention is manifested, a promise by two or more promisors is a promise that the same performance shall be given.
(1) 如果合同的两个或两个以上的允诺人对同一受允诺人作出一个或多个允诺，则当事人的意思表示决定了他们是就同一履行行为还是就单独的履行行为作出 了允诺。
  (2) 除非有相反的意思表示，两个或两个以上允诺人所作出的允诺表明其允诺实施同一履行行为。
 
§289. JOINT, SEVERAL, AND JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS OF THE SAME PERFORMANCE
同一履行行为的共同的、单独的、和连带允诺人
 
(1) where two or more parties to a contract promise the same performance to the same promisee, each is bound for the whole performance thereof, whether his duty is joint, several, or joint and several.
(2) Where two or more parties to a contract promise the same performance t o the same promisee they incur only a joint duty unless an intention is manifested to create several duties or joint and several duties.
(3) By statute in most stated some or all promises which would otherwise create only joint duties create joint and several duties.
(1) 如果两个或两个以上的合同当事人对同一受允诺人允诺履行同一义务，则每一个当事人都有义务完成整个履行行为，不管他们所承担的责任是否是共同 的、单独的还是连带的。
 (2) 如果两个或两个以上的合同当事人对同一受允诺人 允诺履行同一义务，则他们之间所承担的应属共同责任，除非有意思表示允诺 行为引起的是单独责任或是连带责任。
(3) 依据多数州的法令，那些只能以其他方式产生共同责任的部分或全部允诺也可以产生连带责任。
 
§290. COMPULSORY JOINDER OF JOINT PROMISORS共同允诺人的强制性共同诉讼
(1) By statute in most states where the distinction between joint duties and joint and several duties retains significance, and action can be maintained against one or more promisors who incur only a joint duty, even though other promisors subject to the same duty are not served with process.
(2) In the absence of statute, an action can be maintained against promisors who incur only a joint duty without joinder of those beyond the jurisdiction of the court, the representatives of decreased promisors, or those against whom the duty is not enforceable at the time of suit.
(1) 依据多数州的法令，如果共同责任与连带责任之间存在重大区别，则法院应维持针对只产生一个共同责任的一个或多个允诺人提起的诉讼请求，尽管承 担该同一责任的其他允诺人并没有被送达诉讼法律文书。
 (2) 在没有法令规定 的情况下，如果允诺人的允诺只产生一个共同责任，该共同责任并没有联合法 院管辖权之外的允诺人、已故允诺人的代表人或起诉时对其承担的义务具有不可 执行性的允诺人，则法院应维持针对该允诺人提起的诉讼请求。
 
§291. JUDGMENT IN AN ACTION AGAINST CO-PROMISORS
针对共同允诺人所提起的诉讼而作出的判决
 
In an action against promisors of the same performance, whether their duties are joint, several, or joint and several, judgment can properly be entered with respect to another, except that judgment for one and against another is improper where there has been a determination on the merits and the liability of on e cannot exist without the liability of the other.
如果针对同一履行行为的多个允诺人提起诉讼，则不管其所承担的责任是共同的、单独的还是连带的，则法院完全可以对其中的任何一个允诺人作出判决，但是如果存在法律依据，并且各方的责任互为存在，则作出有利于一方而不利于他方的判决是不适当的，在这种情况下，法院不得对其中的任何一个允诺人作出判决。
 
§292. EFECT OF JUDGMENT FOR OR AGAINST CO-PROMISORS
对共同允诺人有利或不利之判决的法律效力
 
(1) A judgment against one or more promisors does not discharge other prom isors of the same performance unless joinder of the other promisors is require d by the rule stated in §290. By statute in most states judgment against one promisor does not discharge co-promisors where such joinder is required.
(2) The effect of judgment for one or more promisors of the same performanc e is determined by the rules of res judicata relating to suretyship or vicarious l iability.
(1) 对一个或多个允诺人不利的判决并不解除同一履行行为中其他允诺人的义务，除非依据§290 节的规定要求将其他允诺人也列入该诉讼。依据许多州的法令，如果要求将其他允诺人也列入诉讼，则法院作出的不利于一个允诺人的判 决并不解除共同允诺人的义务。
(2) 法院如果作出有利于同一履行行为中一个或多个允诺人的判决，则该判决的法律效力取决于有关保证责任或代理责任的既判事实。
 
§293. EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE OR SATISFACTION ON CO-PROMISORS
义务履行对共同允诺人的法律效力
 
Full or partial performance or other satisfaction of the contractual duty of a promisor discharges the duty to the obligee of each other promisor of the same performance to the extent of the amount or value applied to the discharge of the duty of the promior who renders it.
一个允诺人全部或部分履行合同义务的行为或其他履行合同的行为解除了同一履行行为中允诺人互相之间对债权人的义务，但是应限于作出履行行为的允诺人所解除的数额范围内。
 
§294. EFFECT OF DISCHARGE ON CO-PROMISORS解除义务对共同允诺人的效力
 
(1) except as stated in §295, where the obligee of promises of the same performance discharges one promisor by release, recission or accord and satisfaction,
(a) co-promisors who are bound only by a joint duty are discharged unless the discharged promisor is a surety for the co-promisor;
(b) co-promisors who are bound by joint and several duties or by several duties are not discharged except to the extent required by the law of suretyship.
(2) By statute in many states a discharge of one promisor does not discharge other promisors of the same performance except to the extent required by the law of suretyship.
(3) Any consideration received by the obligee for discharge of one promisor discharge the duty of each other promisor of the same performance to the exte nt of the amount or value received. An agreement to the contract is not effective unless it is made with a surety and expressly preserves the duty of his principal.
(1) 除了§295 的规定之外，如果同一履行行为的多个允诺的债权人以免除、撤消或和解和清偿等方式解除了一个允诺人的义务，则
(a) 除非该允诺人是共同允诺人的保证人，否则承担共同责任的共同允诺人的义务随之被解除；
(b) 除了有关保证的法律有所规定，承担连带责任或单独责任的共同允诺人的义务并不解除。
 (2) 依据许多州的法令，除了有关保证的法律有所规定，解除一个允诺人的义务并不解除同意履行行为中的其他允诺人的义务。
(3) 债权人解除一个允诺人的义务而获得的约因只在其获得的数额范围内解除了同一履行行为中允诺人互相之间对债权人的义务。双方就义务解除所达成一致 的合同无效，除非该合同提供了保证，并且明确维护了主债务人的义务。
 
§295. EFFECT OF CONTRACT NOT TO SUE; RESERVATION OF RIGHTS
缔结非诉合同的效力；  权利保留
 
(1) Where the obligee of promises of the same performance contracts not to s ue one promisor, the other promisors are not discharged except to the extent required by the law of suretyship.
(2) Words which purport to release or discharge a promisor and also to reserve rights against other promisors of the same performance have the effect of a contract not to sue rather than a release or discharge.
(3) Any consideration received by the obligee for a contract not to sue one promisor discharges the duty of each other promisor of the same performance t o the extent of the amount or value received. An agreement to the contrary is not effective unless it is made with a surety and expressly preserves the duty of his principal.
(1) 如果同一履行行为的多个允诺的债权人缔结不起诉任何允诺人的合同，则除了在有关保证的法律所规定的范围内，该合同并不解除其他允诺人所承担的 义务。
  (2) 如果有文字表明债权人免除或解除允诺人的义务以及表明要保留对同一履行行为的其他允诺人行使权利，则该文字具有非诉合同的法律效力，而不具有免除或解除义务的效力。
(3) 债权人因缔结不起诉允诺人之一的合同而获得的约因只在其获得的数额范围内解除了同一履行行为中允诺人互相之间对债权人的义务。双方就此达成一致 的合同无效，除非该合同提供了保证，并且明确维护了主债务人的义务。
 
§296. SURVIVORSHIP OF JOINT DUTIES共同责任的保证人
 
On the death of one of two or more promisors of the same performance in a contract, the estate of the decreased promisor is bound by the contract, whether the duty was joint, several, or joint and several.
如果合同中同一履行行为的两个或多个允诺人死亡，则不管允诺人之间承担的是共同责任、单独责任还是连带责任，已故允诺人的财产应用于合同义务的履行。
 
TOPIC 2. JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISEES主题二  连带受允诺人
 
§297. OBLIGEES OF THE SAME PROMISED PERFORMANCE
被允诺的同一履行行为的债权人
 
(1) Where a party to a contract makes a promise to two or more promisees or for the benefit of two or more beneficiaries, the manifested intention of the p arties determines whether he promises the same performance to all, a separate performance to each, or some combination.
(2) Except to the extent that a different intention is manifested or that the interests of the obligees in the performance or in the remedies for breach are distinct, the rights of obligees of the same performance are joint.
  (1) 如果合同的一方当事人向两个或两个以上的受允诺人作出允诺或者为了两个或两个以上的受益人作出允诺，则当 事人的意思表示决定了他是否是对所有的受允诺人允诺了相同的履行行为，还 是对每一个受允诺人允诺了单独的履行行为，抑或是二者都有。
(2) 除非有不同的意思表示或者受允诺人的这些履行行为中所享有的利益或对违约的救济存在差异，则受允诺人就相同履行行为享有的权利是共同的。
 
§298. COMPULSORY JOINDER OF JOINT OBLIGEES
共同债权人的强制性共同诉讼
 
(1) In an action based on a joint right created by a promise, the promise by making appropriate objection can prevent recovery of judgment against him unless there are joined either as plaintiffs or as defendants all the surviving join t obligees.
(2) Except in actions on negotiable instruments and except as stated in §300, any joint obligee, unless limited by agreement may sue in the name of all the joint obligees for the enforcement of the promise by a money judgment.
(1) 在依据因允诺而产生的共同权利而提起的诉讼中，允诺人通过适当的反对可以避免就对之不利的判决进行救济，除非所有存续的共同债权人为共同诉讼 中原告或被告。
(2) 除了在有关可转让票据的诉讼中以及除了§300 的规定外，除非合同有所限制，任何共同债权人可以以所有共同债权人的名义就支付判决的执行而提起诉讼。
 
§299. DISCHARGE BY OR TENDER TO ONE JOINT OBLIGEE
通过向共同债权人之一支付货币以解除义务
 
Except where the promise is made in a negotiable instrument and except as stated in §300, any joint obligee, unless limited by agreement, has power to discharge the promisor by receipt of the promised performance or by release or otherwise, and tender to one joint obligee is equivalent to a tender to all.
除了允诺是在可转让票据中作出以及除了§300 的规定外，除非合同有所限制，任何共同债权人有权通过领受被允诺的履行行为或通过免除或其他方式解除允诺人的义务，并且给与共同债权人之一的货币和给与所有债务人的货币相等。
 
§300. EFFECT OF VIOLATION OF DUTY TO A CO-OBLIGEE
违反对共同债权人之一的义务时的法律后果
 
(1) If an obligee attempts or threatens to discharge the promisor in violation of his duty to a co-obligee of the same perfomance, the co-obligee may obtain an injunction forbidding the discharge.
(2) A discharge of the promisor by an obligee in violation of his duty to a co-o bligee of the same performance is violable to the extent necessary to protect t he co-obligee’s interest in the performance, except to the extent that the promisor has given value or otherwise changed his position in good faith and without knowledge or reason to know of the violation.
.(1) 如果债权人违反其对同一履行行为的共同债权人之一的义务，试图解除或威胁要解除允诺人的义务，则共同债权人可以申请禁止解除令。
 (2) 如果债权 人违反其对同一履行行为的共同债权人之一的义务，解除了允诺人所承担的义 务，则在保护该履行行为中共同债权人利益所必要的范围内，可以撤消该解除义务行为，除了允诺人已经支付了价金或者是善意地，并且是在不知道或没有 理由知道违约行为的情况下以其他方式变更其主张。
 
§301. SUREVIVORSHIP OF JOINT RIGHTS共同权利的保证
 
On the death of a joint obligee, unless a contrary intention was manifested, th e surviving obligees are solely entitled as against the promisor to receive perf ormance, to discharge the promisor, or to sue for the enforcement of the promise by a money judgment. On the death of the last surviving obligee, only hi s estate is so entitled.
 如果一个共同债权人死亡，则除非有相反的意思表示，存续的债权人有权单独领受允诺人的履行行为，解除允诺人的义务或为支付判决的执行而提起诉讼。如果最后一个存续的债权人死亡，则这一权利归属于该债权人的财产。
 
CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章  合同受益人
 
§302. INTENDED AND INDCIDENTAL BENEFICIARIES
.意向中的受益人与意外受益人
 
(1) Unless otherwise agreed between promior and promisee, a beneficiary of a promise is an intended beneficiary if recognition of a right to performance in the beneficiary is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and either
(a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an obligation of the promiseet o pay money to the beneficiary; or
(b) the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.
(2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an intended beneficiar y.
除非立约人与受约人另有约定，允诺的受益人是意向中的受益人，即如果承认受益人具有要求履行允诺的权利是符合双方当事人真实有效的意思表示的适当要求；且(a)允诺的履行将解除受约人对受益人的给付义务；或 (b)当时的情况表明受约人有意使受益人享受履行允诺所带来的利益。
(2) 意外受益人指的是意向中的受益人之外的受益人。
 
§303. CONDITIONAL PROMISES; PROMISES UNDER SEAL有条件的允诺；盖印允诺
 
The statements in this chapter are applicable to both conditional and unconditional promises and to sealed and unsealed promises.
本章的规定同时适用于有条件的允诺和无条件的允诺，盖印允诺和无盖印的允诺。
 
§304. CREATION OF DUTY TO BENEFICIARY允诺人对受益人之义务的产生
 
A promise in a contract creates a duty in the promisor to any intended benefic iary to perform the promise, and the intended beneficiary may enforce the duty.
合同的允诺如果使得允诺人对任何意向中的受益人负有履行允诺的义务，则该意向中的受益人可以强制执行该义务。
 
§305. OVERLAPPING DUTIES TO BENEFICIARY AND PROMISEE
允诺人对受益人和受允诺人所承担义务的竞合
 
(1) A promise in a contract creates a duty in the promisor to the promisee to perform the promise even though he also has a similar duty to an intended be neficiary.
(2) Whole or partial satisfaction of the promisor’s duty to the beneficiary satisf ied to that extent the promisor’s duty to the promisee.
(1) 合同的允诺也使得允 诺人对受允诺人负有履行允诺的义务，尽管允诺人对意向中的受益人也负有履 行允诺的义务。
(2) 允诺人对受益人义务的全部或部分履行全部或部分地解除了其对受允诺人的义务。
 
§306. DISCLAIMER BY A BENEFICIARY受益人弃权
A beneficiary who has not previously assented to the promise for his benefit may in a reasonable time after learning of its existence and terms render any duty to himself inoperative from the beginning by disclaimer.
如果受益人事先并没有就使其受益的允诺表示同意，则该受益人可以在得知这一允诺和条款之后的合理期间内，主张任何对之履行的义务自弃权行为作出之日始无效。
 
§307. REMEDY OF SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE强制履行救济
 
Where specific performance is otherwise an appropriate remedy, either the promisee or the beneficiary may maintain a suit for specific enforcement of a duty owed to an intended beneficiary.
如果强制履行是另外一种适当的救济，则受允诺人或受益人可以提起诉讼，强制允诺人履行其对意向中的受益人所负有的义务。
 
§308. IDENTIFICATION OF BENEFICIARIES受益人的认定
 
It is not essential to the creation of a right in an intended beneficiary that he be identified when a contract containing the promise is made.
在包含允诺的合同缔结之时对意向中的受益人的认定对于赋予其权利并不重要。
 
§309. DEFENSES AGAINST THE BENEFICIARY允诺人对受益人的抗辩
 
(1) A promise creates no duty to a beneficiary unless a contract is formed between the promisor and the promisee; and if a contract is voidable or unenforc eableat the time of its formation the right of any beneficiary is subject to the infirmity.
(2) If a contract ceases to be binding in whole or in part because of impractic ability, public policy, non-occurrence of a condition, or present or prospective failure of performance, the right of an beneficiary is to that extent discharged or modified.
(3) Except as stated in Subsection (1) and (2) and in §311 or as provided by t he contract, the right of any beneficiary against the promisor is not subject to the promisor’s claims or defenses against the promisee or to the promisee’s cl aims or defenses against the beneficiary.
(4) A beneficiary’s right against the promisor is subject to any claim or defense arising from his own conduct or agreement.
(1) 除非是允诺人与受允诺人之间订立合同，否则允诺人的允诺并不使其对受益人承担义务；并且，如果合同在订立时是可撤消的或者是不可执行的，则受 益人的权利也受这些缺陷的限制。
 (2) 如果合同由于无法执行、公共政策、条件不成就或现有的或预期的违约而不再全部或部分地有效，则受益人享有的权利也因此被解除或变更。
  (3) 除了(1) 和(2)小节的规定以及§311 的规定或合同的约定之外，任何受益人就允诺人享 有的权利并不受允诺人对受允诺人的权利主张或抗辩的限制，也不受受允诺人对受益人的权利主张或抗辩的限制。
(4) 由于受益人自己的行为或缔结的合约而产生的任何权利主张或抗辩会限制其对允诺人享有的权利。
 
§310. REMEDIES OF THE BENEFICIARY OF A PROMISE TO PAY THE PROMISE E’S DEBT; REIMBURSEMENT OF PROMISEE
允诺人为给付义务之后的救济；受允诺人获得允诺人的补偿
 
(1) Where an intended beneficiary has an enforceable claim against the promisee, he can obtain a judgment or judgments against either the promisee or th e promisor or both based on their respective duties to him. Satisfaction in whole or in part of either of these duties, or of a judgment thereon, satisfies to t hat extent the other duty or judgment, subject to the promisee’s right of subr ation.
 
(2) To the extent that the claim of an intended beneficiary is satisfied from as sets of the promisee, the promisee has a right of reimbursement from the promisor, which may be enforced directly and also, if the beneficiary’s claim is full y satisfied, by subrogation to the claim of the beneficiary against the promisor and to any judgment thereon and to any security therefore.
(1) 如果意向中的受益人拥有要求受允诺人强制执行允诺的请求权，则该受益 人可以基于允诺人或受允诺人各自对其所承担的义务，申请法院作出对允诺人 或受允诺人或者二者的强制执行令。允诺人或受允诺人任何一方全部或部分地履 行义务的行为，或执行判决的行为全部或部分地解除了他方当事人的义务，或 执行判决的义务，但是受允诺人享有代位求偿权。
 (2) 如果受允诺人以自己的 财产应意向中的受益人的权利请求作出履行，则该受允诺人可以在其履行的范 围内有权从允诺人处获得偿付，这一偿付可以直接强制允诺人作出，并且如果 受允诺人完全地履行了受益人请求作出的履行，则可以以受益人的请求权、法院 的判决以及任何担保向允诺人提出代位求偿权。
 
§311. VARIATION OF A DUTY TO A BENEFICIARY对受益人所承担义务的变更
 
(1) Discharge or modification of a duty to an intended beneficiary by conduct of the promisee or by a subsequent agreement between promisor and promisee is ineffective if a term of the promise creating the duty so provides.
 (2) In the absence of such a term, the promisor and promisee retain power to discharge or modify the duty by subsequent agreement.
(3) Such a power terminates when the beneficiary, before he receives notification of the discharge or modification, materially change his position in justifiable reliance on the promise or brings suit on it or manifests assent to it at the r equest of the promisor or promisee.
(4) If the promisee receives consideration for an attempted discharge or modification of the promisor’s duty which is ineffective against the beneficiary, the beneficiary can assert a right to the consideration to received. The promisro’s duty is discharged to the extent of the amount received by the beneficiary.
(1) 如果允诺的条款规定了应对意向中的受益人承担义务，则通过受允诺人的行为或通过允诺人与受允诺人事后订立的合同解除或变更这一义务的行为是无效的。
(2) 如果允诺中没有作出如此规定，则允诺人和受允诺人保留以订立事后合同的方式解除或变更该义务的权力。
(3) 如果在受益人收到解除或变更该义务的通知之前，该受益人正当地信赖了该允诺，并基于这种信赖而实质性地变更了其主张，或者就这一允诺提起诉讼， 或者应该允诺人或受允诺人的请求对该允诺表示同意，则允诺人和受允诺人享 有的这一权力终止。
(4) 如果受允诺人收到为解除或变更允诺人之义务而支付的约因，并且该约因对于受益人而言是无效的，则受益人可以就受允诺人已经收到的约因主张权利。 在受益人所领受的履行数额范围内，允诺人的履行义务被解除。
 
§312. MISTAKES AS TO DUTY TO BENEFICIARY关于对受益人义务的错误认识
 
The effect of an erroneous belief of the promisor or promisee as to the existence or extent of a duty owed to an intended beneficiary is determined by the rules making contracts voidable for mistake.
如果允诺人或受允诺人对于向意向中的受益人所负义务的存在或范围有错误认识，则该合同可以基于错误而被撤消。