Section 3 - Indirect Representation第三节 间接代理 Article 3.301 - Intermediaries not acting in the name of a Principal 第3:301条：非以委托人的名义行为的中间人 (1) Where an intermediary acts: (a) on instructions and on behalf, but not in t
Section 3 - Indirect Representation第三节 间接代理
Article 3.301 - Intermediaries not acting in the name of a Principal
第3:301条：非以委托人的名义行为的中间人
(1) Where an intermediary acts: (a) on instructions and on behalf, but not in the name, of a principal, or (b) on instructions from a principal but the third party does not know and has no reason to know this, the intermediary and the third party are bound to each other.
如果中间人从事行为系：1.基于委托人的指令和为了委托人的利益，但并非以委托人的名义，或者，2.基于委托人的指令，但第三人对此并不知道而且没有理由知道，中间人与该第三人互相受有拘束。
(2) The principal and the third party are bound to each other only under the conditions set out in Articles 3.302 to 3.304.
仅当符合第3:302至3:304条规定的条件时，委托人与该第三人始互相拘束。
Article 3.302 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Principal
第3:302条：中间人的破产或对委托人的根本性不履行
If the intermediary becomes insolvent, or if it commits a fundamental non-performance towards the principal, or if prior to the time for performance it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance: (a) on the principal's demand, the intermediary shall communicate the name and address of the third party to the principal; and (b) the principal may exercise against the third party the rights acquired on the principal's behalf by the intermediary, subject to any defences which the third party may set up against the intermediary.
若中间人沦为破产，或若它对委托人根本性不履行，或若在履行期到来之前情况表明将会发生根本性不履行，则：1.基于委托人的请求，中间人应将第三人的名字和地址告知委托人；并且2.委托人可以行使中间人为委托人的利益而对第三人取得的权利，但应承受第三人可得对中间人提出的抗辩。
Article 3.303 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Third Party
第3:303条：中间人的破产或对第三人的根本性不履行
If the intermediary becomes insolvent, or if it commits a fundamental non-performance towards the third party, or if prior to the time for performance it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance: (a) on the third party's demand, the intermediary shall communicate the name and address of the principal to the third party; and (b) the third party may exercise against the principal the rights which the third party has against the intermediary, subject to any defences which the intermediary may set up against the third party and those which the principal may set up against the intermediary.
若中间人沦为破产，或若它对第三人根本性不履行，或若在履行期到来之前情况表明将根本性不履行，则：1.基于该第三人的请求，中间人应将委托人的名字和地址告知该第三人；并且2.第三人可对委托人行使该第三人对该中间人拥有的权利，但应承受中间人可得对第三人提出的抗辩以及委托人可得对中间人提出的抗辩。
Article 3.304 - Requirement of Notice第3:304条：通知要件
The rights under Articles 3.302 and 3.303 may be exercised only if notice of intention to exercise them is given to the intermediary and to the third party or principal, respectively. Upon receipt of the notice, the third party or the principal is no longer entitled to render performance to the intermediary.
第3:302至3:303条规定的权利的行使，要求须向中间人以及向第三人或委托人分别发出行使此权利的意思的通知。在接到通知之后，第三人或委托人不再有权向中间人进行履行。
第3:301条：非以委托人的名义行为的中间人
(1) Where an intermediary acts: (a) on instructions and on behalf, but not in the name, of a principal, or (b) on instructions from a principal but the third party does not know and has no reason to know this, the intermediary and the third party are bound to each other.
如果中间人从事行为系：1.基于委托人的指令和为了委托人的利益，但并非以委托人的名义，或者，2.基于委托人的指令，但第三人对此并不知道而且没有理由知道，中间人与该第三人互相受有拘束。
(2) The principal and the third party are bound to each other only under the conditions set out in Articles 3.302 to 3.304.
仅当符合第3:302至3:304条规定的条件时，委托人与该第三人始互相拘束。
Article 3.302 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Principal
第3:302条：中间人的破产或对委托人的根本性不履行
If the intermediary becomes insolvent, or if it commits a fundamental non-performance towards the principal, or if prior to the time for performance it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance: (a) on the principal's demand, the intermediary shall communicate the name and address of the third party to the principal; and (b) the principal may exercise against the third party the rights acquired on the principal's behalf by the intermediary, subject to any defences which the third party may set up against the intermediary.
若中间人沦为破产，或若它对委托人根本性不履行，或若在履行期到来之前情况表明将会发生根本性不履行，则：1.基于委托人的请求，中间人应将第三人的名字和地址告知委托人；并且2.委托人可以行使中间人为委托人的利益而对第三人取得的权利，但应承受第三人可得对中间人提出的抗辩。
Article 3.303 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Third Party
第3:303条：中间人的破产或对第三人的根本性不履行
If the intermediary becomes insolvent, or if it commits a fundamental non-performance towards the third party, or if prior to the time for performance it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance: (a) on the third party's demand, the intermediary shall communicate the name and address of the principal to the third party; and (b) the third party may exercise against the principal the rights which the third party has against the intermediary, subject to any defences which the intermediary may set up against the third party and those which the principal may set up against the intermediary.
若中间人沦为破产，或若它对第三人根本性不履行，或若在履行期到来之前情况表明将根本性不履行，则：1.基于该第三人的请求，中间人应将委托人的名字和地址告知该第三人；并且2.第三人可对委托人行使该第三人对该中间人拥有的权利，但应承受中间人可得对第三人提出的抗辩以及委托人可得对中间人提出的抗辩。
Article 3.304 - Requirement of Notice第3:304条：通知要件
The rights under Articles 3.302 and 3.303 may be exercised only if notice of intention to exercise them is given to the intermediary and to the third party or principal, respectively. Upon receipt of the notice, the third party or the principal is no longer entitled to render performance to the intermediary.
第3:302至3:303条规定的权利的行使，要求须向中间人以及向第三人或委托人分别发出行使此权利的意思的通知。在接到通知之后，第三人或委托人不再有权向中间人进行履行。
CHAPTER 4 - VALIDITY第四章 有效性
Article 4.101 - Matters not Covered第4:101条：未受规制的事项
This Chapter does not deal with invalidity arising from illegality, immorality or lack of capacity.
本章没有规定因不合法、不道德或缺乏能力而发生的无效。
Article 4.102 - Initial Impossibility第4:102条：自始不能
A contract is not invalid merely because at the time it was concluded performance of the obligation assumed was impossible, or because a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates.
仅仅由于合同成立时所负债务的履行不能或由于一方当事人无权处分合同关涉的财产，合同并不无效。
Article 4.103 - Mistake as to facts or law第4:103条：关于事实或法律的错误
(1) A party may avoid a contract for mistake of fact or law existing when the contract was concluded if: (a) (i) the mistake was caused by information given by the other party; or (ii) the other party knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to good faith and fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or (iii) the other party made the same mistake, and (b) the other party knew or ought to have known that the mistaken party, had it known the truth, would not have entered the contract or would have done so only on fundamentally different terms.
如有下列情形，一方当事人可基于合同成立时存在的关于事实或法律的错误而宣布合同无效：1.（1）错误是由于对方当事人给出的信息造成的；或（2）对方当事人已知道或本应知道该错误，而且让错误方陷于错误状态有悖于诚实信用和公平交易；或（3）对方当事人也犯有相同的错误，以及2.对方当事人已知道或本应知道，如果错误方知道了真实情况，错误方就不会缔结该合同或只会以完全不同的条款缔结合同。
(2) However a party may not avoid the contract if: (a) in the circumstances its mistake was inexcusable, or (b) the risk of the mistake was assumed, or in the circumstances should be borne, by it.
然如有下列情况，当事人不得宣布合同无效：1.在该具体情事中，它的错误是不可原谅的；或2.此种错误的风险已被它承担，或在该具体情事中应当由它来承担。
Article 4.104 - Inaccuracy in communication第4:104条：传达的信息不准确
An inaccuracy in the expression or transmission of a statement is to be treated as a mistake of the person who made or sent the statement and Article 4.103 applies.
表达或传送陈述中的不准确应作为制作或发送该陈述之人的错误，适用第4:103条。
Article 4.105 - Adaptation of contract第4:105条：合同的改订
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party indicates that it is willing to perform, or actually does perform, the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoid it, the contract is to be treated as if it had been concluded as the that party understood it. The other party must indicate its willingness to perform, or render such performance, promptly after being informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoid it understood the contract and before that party acts in reliance on any notice of avoidance.
如果一方当事人可因错误而宣布合同无效，但对方当事人表明它愿意或者实际上的确按照有权宣布合同无效的一方当事人所理解的合同加以履行，则该合同被视为按照错误方所理解的那样缔结。在被告知了有权宣布合同无效方所理解合同的方式后，以及在该方当事人基于对宣布合同无效的通知的信赖业已从事行为之前，对方当事人须立即表明它愿意履行或实际提供此种履行。
(2) After such indication or performance the right to avoid is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
在这种表示或者履行之后，宣布合同无效的权利即丧失，而且任何先前的宣布合同无效的通知不生效力。
(3) Where both parties have made the same mistake, the court may at the request of either party bring the contract into accordance with what might reasonably have been agreed had the mistake not occurred.
在双方当事人犯有同样错误的场合，法院可基于任何一方当事人的请求，使合同符合如果错误未曾发生所会达成的样子。
Article 4.106 - Incorrect information第4:106条：不正确的信息
A party who has concluded a contract relying on incorrect information given it by the other party may recover damages in accordance with Article 4.117(2) and (3) even if the information does not give rise to a right to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake under Article 4.103, unless the party who gave the information had reason to believe that the information was correct.
因相信对方当事人给出的不正确的信息而缔结合同的当事人可依第4:117条第二款和第三款请求损害赔偿，即便该信息并没有依第4:103条产生出基于错误而宣布合同无效的权利，除非给出信息方有理由认为该信息是真实的。
Article 4.107 - Fraud第4:107条：欺诈
(1) A party may avoid a contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's fraudulent representation, whether by words or conduct, or fraudulent non-disclosure of any information which in accordance with good faith and fair dealing it should have disclosed.
如果一方当事人缔结合同是因对方当事人的欺诈性表示，无论是言语还是行为，或者是因对依诚实信用或公平交易对方本应透露的信息却欺诈性地不予透露，则该方当事人可宣布合同无效。
(2) A party's representation or non-disclosure is fraudulent if it was intended to deceive.
如果一方当事人的表示或者不揭示系意在欺骗，它即为欺诈性的。
(3) In determining whether good faith and fair dealing required that a party disclose particular information, regard should be had to all the circumstances, including: (a) whether the party had special expertise; (b) the cost to it of acquiring the relevant information; (c) whether the other party could reasonably acquire the information for itself; and (d) the apparent importance of the information to the other party.
在确定诚实信用和公平交易是否要求一方当事人透露某特定信息时，对各种情况均应考虑，包括：1.该方当事人是否拥有专门技术；2.由它获取相关信息所需费用；3.对方当事人自己是否可以合理地获取该信息；以及4.该信息对对方当事人显而易见的重要性。
Article 4.108 - Threats第4:108条：胁迫
A party may avoid a contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's imminent and serious threat of an act: (a) which is wrongful in itself, or (b) which it is wrongful to use as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract , unless in the circumstances the first party had a reasonable alternative.
一方当事人缔结合同如果是由于对方当事人即行的且严重的行为的威胁，而此种行为之威胁：1.本身是非法的，或2.作为达成合同的手段是非法的，则该方当事人可以宣布合同无效，除非在该具体情事中第一方当事人拥有合理的选择余地。
Article 4.109 - Excessive benefit or unfair advantage第4:109条：过分的利益或不公平的好处
(1) A party may avoid a contract if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract: (a) it was dependent on or had a relationship of trust with the other party, was in economic distress or had urgent needs, was improvident, ignorant, inexperienced or lacking in bargaining skill, and (b) the other party knew or ought to have known of this and, given the circumstances and purpose of the contract, took advantage of the first party's situation in a way which was grossly unfair or took an excessive benefit.
如果在缔结合同时有下列情况，一方当事人可以宣布合同无效：1.它依赖于对方当事人或与对方当事人具有信托关系，它处于经济困难或具有急迫需要，它是无远见的、无知的、无经验的或缺乏谈判技巧的，以及2.对方当事人已经知道或本应知道这种情况，由于这种情况以及合同的目的，以非常不公平的或获取过分利益的方式利用了第一方当事人的这种状况。
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may if it is appropriate adapt the contract in order to bring it into accordance with what might have been agreed had the requirements of good faith and fair dealing been followed.
应有权宣布合同无效方当事人的要求，如果合适，法院可以改订合同，以使合同符合遵循诚实信用和公平交易之要求本应会达成的样子。
(3) A court may similarly adapt the contract upon the request of a party receiving notice of avoidance for excessive benefit or unfair advantage, provided that this party informs the party who gave the notice promptly after receiving it and before that party has acted in reliance on it.
类似地，法院也可以应收到因过分利益或不公平的好处而宣布合同无效之通知方当事人的要求改订合同，只要该方当事人在收到通知后而且在对方当事人信赖该通知而作出行为之前立即告知作出上述通知的一方当事人。
Article 4.110 -Unfair terms which have not been individually negotiated
第4:110条：未经个别商议的不公平合同条款
(1) A party may avoid a term which has not been individually negotiated if, contrary to the requirements of good faith and fair dealing, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract to the detriment of that party, taking into account the nature of the performance to be rendered under the contract, all the other terms of the contract and the circumstances at the time the contract was concluded.
如果未经个别商议的合同条款造成当事人的合同权利义务显著失衡，有损于一方当事人，有悖于诚实信用和公平交易，考虑合同所要求的履行的性质、合同的其他所有条款以及缔结合同时的具体情事，该方当事人可以宣布该条款无效。
(2) This Article does not apply to: (a) a term which defines the main subject matter of the contract, provided the term is in plain and intelligible language; or to (b) the adequacy in value of one party's obligations compared to the value of the obligations of the other party.
本条不适用于：1.规定合同的主要标的的条款，只要该条款用语浅显易懂；或2.一方当事人的债务在价值上与对方当事人的债务的价值具有相当性。
Article 4.111 - Third persons第4:111条：第三人
(1) Where a third person for whose acts a party is responsible, or who with a party's assent is involved in the making of a contract: (a) causes a mistake by giving information, or knows of or ought to have known of a mistake, (b) gives incorrect information, (c) commits fraud, (d) makes a threat, or (e) takes excessive benefit or unfair advantage, remedies under this Chapter will be available under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
在一方当事人对第三人的行为负责之场合，或经一方当事人同意该第三人介入了合同的缔结，若该第三人1.因给出信息而造成了错误，或者知道或本应知道某一错误，2.给出了不正确的信息，3.犯有欺诈，4.进行了胁迫，或 5.获取过分的利益或不公平的好处，则在与恰如该方当事人自己的行为或知晓一样的条件下，可以获取本章中的救济。
(2) Where any other third person: (a) gives incorrect information, (b) commits fraud, (c) makes a threat, or (d) takes excessive benefit or unfair advantage, remedies under this Chapter will be available if the party knew or ought to have known of the relevant facts, or at the time of avoidance it has not acted in reliance on the contract.
在其他第三人从事下列行为场合：1.给出了不正确的信息，2.犯有欺诈，3.进行了胁迫，或4.获取了过分的利益或不公平的好处，如果该方当事人知道或应当知道相关的事实，或者在宣布无效之时它尚未信赖该合同而行为，则可以获取本章的救济。
Article 4.112 - Notice of Avoidance第4:112条：对无效的通知
Avoidance must be by notice to the other party.宣布无效须采用向对方当事人发出通知的方式。
Article 4.113 - Time limits第4:113条：时间限制
(1) Notice of avoidance must be given within a reasonable time, with due regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or ought to have known of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
适当考虑具体情事，在有权宣布无效方知道或本应知道相关的事实或者在其能够自由行动之后，宣布无效的通知须在一段合理的时间内发出。
(2) However, a party may avoid an individual term under Article 4.110 if it gives notice of avoidance within a reasonable time after the other party has invoked the term.
但是，如果一方当事人在对方当事人引用某条款后的一段合理的时间内发出了宣布无效的通知，该方当事人可以依据第4:110条宣布此一单个的合同条款无效。
Article 4.114 - Confirmation第4:114条：确认
If the party who is entitled to avoid a contract confirms it, expressly or impliedly, after it knows of the ground for avoidance, or becomes capable of acting freely, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
如果有权宣布合同无效的一方当事人在它知道了无效事由后，或者在它能够自由地行动之后，明示地或默示地确认了该合同，该合同的无效即被排除。
Article 4.115 - Effect of avoidance第4:115条：无效的效力
On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever he has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided he makes concurrent restitution of whatever he has received under the contract or the part of it avoided. If restitution cannot be made in kind for any reason, a reasonable sum must be paid for what has been received.
合同无效后，任何一方当事人均可要求返还依据该合同或者该合同中无效的部分他所交付的一切东西，但要求他同时返还他依据该合同或者该合同中无效的部分所接受的东西。无论什么原因，如果无法返还原物，则须对所受领的物品支付一笔合理的价金。
Article 4.116 - Partial avoidance第4:116条：部分无效
If a ground of avoidance affects only particular terms of a contract, the effect of an avoidance is limited to those terms unless, giving due consideration to all the circumstances of the case, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
如果无效事由仅影响及于合同的特定条款，则无效的效力仅限于这些条款，除非在适当地考虑了案件的具体情事后，仍令合同的剩余部分有效不合理。
Article 4.117 - Damages第4:117条：损害赔偿
(1) A party who avoids a contract under this Chapter may recover from the other party damages so as to put the avoiding party as nearly as possible into the same position as if it had not concluded the contract, provided that the other party knew or ought to have known of the mistake, fraud, threat or taking of excessive benefit or unfair advantage.
只要对方当事人知道或者本应知道错误、欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处，有权依本章规定宣布合同无效的一方当事人可以从对方当事人获取损害赔偿，以使宣布合同无效方当事人尽可能地处于如同它未曾缔结合同一样的状态。
(2) If a party has the right to avoid a contract under this Chapter, but does not exercise its right or has lost its right under the provisions of Articles 4.113 or 4.114, it may recover, subject to paragraph (1), damages limited to the loss caused to it by the mistake, fraud, threat or taking of excessive benefit or unfair advantage. The same measure of damages shall apply when the party was misled by incorrect information in the sense of Article 4.106.
如果一方当事人依本章的规定拥有宣布合同无效的权利，但却没有行使它的权利或者根据第4:113条或第4:114条的规定丧失了它的权利，在符合第一款的条件下，它可以对因错误、欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处而给自己造成的损失获取损害赔偿。当该方当事人在第4:106条的意义上被不正确的信息误导时，亦应适用同样的损害赔偿的计算方法。
(3) In other respects, the damages shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions of Chapter 9, Section 5, with appropriate adaptations.
在别的方面，损害赔偿应符合第九章第五节的有关规定，个别方面作适当调整。
Article 4.118 - Exclusion or restriction of remedies第4:118条：对救济的排除或限制
(1) Remedies for fraud, threats and excessive benefit or unfair advantage-taking, and the right to avoid an unfair term which has not been individually negotiated, cannot be excluded or restricted.
对欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处的救济，以及对未经个别商议的不公平条款宣布无效的权利，不得被排除或限制。
(2) Remedies for mistake and incorrect information may be excluded or restricted unless the exclusion or restriction is contrary to good faith and fair dealing.
对错误和不正确信息的救济可得被排除或限制，除非此种排除或限制有悖于诚实信用和公平交易。
Article 4.119 - Remedies for non-performance第4:119条：不履行之救济
A party who is entitled to a remedy under this Chapter in circumstances which afford that party a remedy for non-performance may pursue either remedy.
案情使之有权请求不履行之救济的一方当事人，如依本章的规定也可请求救济，则可请求二者中的任何一种救济。
This Chapter does not deal with invalidity arising from illegality, immorality or lack of capacity.
本章没有规定因不合法、不道德或缺乏能力而发生的无效。
Article 4.102 - Initial Impossibility第4:102条：自始不能
A contract is not invalid merely because at the time it was concluded performance of the obligation assumed was impossible, or because a party was not entitled to dispose of the assets to which the contract relates.
仅仅由于合同成立时所负债务的履行不能或由于一方当事人无权处分合同关涉的财产，合同并不无效。
Article 4.103 - Mistake as to facts or law第4:103条：关于事实或法律的错误
(1) A party may avoid a contract for mistake of fact or law existing when the contract was concluded if: (a) (i) the mistake was caused by information given by the other party; or (ii) the other party knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to good faith and fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or (iii) the other party made the same mistake, and (b) the other party knew or ought to have known that the mistaken party, had it known the truth, would not have entered the contract or would have done so only on fundamentally different terms.
如有下列情形，一方当事人可基于合同成立时存在的关于事实或法律的错误而宣布合同无效：1.（1）错误是由于对方当事人给出的信息造成的；或（2）对方当事人已知道或本应知道该错误，而且让错误方陷于错误状态有悖于诚实信用和公平交易；或（3）对方当事人也犯有相同的错误，以及2.对方当事人已知道或本应知道，如果错误方知道了真实情况，错误方就不会缔结该合同或只会以完全不同的条款缔结合同。
(2) However a party may not avoid the contract if: (a) in the circumstances its mistake was inexcusable, or (b) the risk of the mistake was assumed, or in the circumstances should be borne, by it.
然如有下列情况，当事人不得宣布合同无效：1.在该具体情事中，它的错误是不可原谅的；或2.此种错误的风险已被它承担，或在该具体情事中应当由它来承担。
Article 4.104 - Inaccuracy in communication第4:104条：传达的信息不准确
An inaccuracy in the expression or transmission of a statement is to be treated as a mistake of the person who made or sent the statement and Article 4.103 applies.
表达或传送陈述中的不准确应作为制作或发送该陈述之人的错误，适用第4:103条。
Article 4.105 - Adaptation of contract第4:105条：合同的改订
(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party indicates that it is willing to perform, or actually does perform, the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoid it, the contract is to be treated as if it had been concluded as the that party understood it. The other party must indicate its willingness to perform, or render such performance, promptly after being informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoid it understood the contract and before that party acts in reliance on any notice of avoidance.
如果一方当事人可因错误而宣布合同无效，但对方当事人表明它愿意或者实际上的确按照有权宣布合同无效的一方当事人所理解的合同加以履行，则该合同被视为按照错误方所理解的那样缔结。在被告知了有权宣布合同无效方所理解合同的方式后，以及在该方当事人基于对宣布合同无效的通知的信赖业已从事行为之前，对方当事人须立即表明它愿意履行或实际提供此种履行。
(2) After such indication or performance the right to avoid is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.
在这种表示或者履行之后，宣布合同无效的权利即丧失，而且任何先前的宣布合同无效的通知不生效力。
(3) Where both parties have made the same mistake, the court may at the request of either party bring the contract into accordance with what might reasonably have been agreed had the mistake not occurred.
在双方当事人犯有同样错误的场合，法院可基于任何一方当事人的请求，使合同符合如果错误未曾发生所会达成的样子。
Article 4.106 - Incorrect information第4:106条：不正确的信息
A party who has concluded a contract relying on incorrect information given it by the other party may recover damages in accordance with Article 4.117(2) and (3) even if the information does not give rise to a right to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake under Article 4.103, unless the party who gave the information had reason to believe that the information was correct.
因相信对方当事人给出的不正确的信息而缔结合同的当事人可依第4:117条第二款和第三款请求损害赔偿，即便该信息并没有依第4:103条产生出基于错误而宣布合同无效的权利，除非给出信息方有理由认为该信息是真实的。
Article 4.107 - Fraud第4:107条：欺诈
(1) A party may avoid a contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's fraudulent representation, whether by words or conduct, or fraudulent non-disclosure of any information which in accordance with good faith and fair dealing it should have disclosed.
如果一方当事人缔结合同是因对方当事人的欺诈性表示，无论是言语还是行为，或者是因对依诚实信用或公平交易对方本应透露的信息却欺诈性地不予透露，则该方当事人可宣布合同无效。
(2) A party's representation or non-disclosure is fraudulent if it was intended to deceive.
如果一方当事人的表示或者不揭示系意在欺骗，它即为欺诈性的。
(3) In determining whether good faith and fair dealing required that a party disclose particular information, regard should be had to all the circumstances, including: (a) whether the party had special expertise; (b) the cost to it of acquiring the relevant information; (c) whether the other party could reasonably acquire the information for itself; and (d) the apparent importance of the information to the other party.
在确定诚实信用和公平交易是否要求一方当事人透露某特定信息时，对各种情况均应考虑，包括：1.该方当事人是否拥有专门技术；2.由它获取相关信息所需费用；3.对方当事人自己是否可以合理地获取该信息；以及4.该信息对对方当事人显而易见的重要性。
Article 4.108 - Threats第4:108条：胁迫
A party may avoid a contract when it has been led to conclude it by the other party's imminent and serious threat of an act: (a) which is wrongful in itself, or (b) which it is wrongful to use as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract , unless in the circumstances the first party had a reasonable alternative.
一方当事人缔结合同如果是由于对方当事人即行的且严重的行为的威胁，而此种行为之威胁：1.本身是非法的，或2.作为达成合同的手段是非法的，则该方当事人可以宣布合同无效，除非在该具体情事中第一方当事人拥有合理的选择余地。
Article 4.109 - Excessive benefit or unfair advantage第4:109条：过分的利益或不公平的好处
(1) A party may avoid a contract if, at the time of the conclusion of the contract: (a) it was dependent on or had a relationship of trust with the other party, was in economic distress or had urgent needs, was improvident, ignorant, inexperienced or lacking in bargaining skill, and (b) the other party knew or ought to have known of this and, given the circumstances and purpose of the contract, took advantage of the first party's situation in a way which was grossly unfair or took an excessive benefit.
如果在缔结合同时有下列情况，一方当事人可以宣布合同无效：1.它依赖于对方当事人或与对方当事人具有信托关系，它处于经济困难或具有急迫需要，它是无远见的、无知的、无经验的或缺乏谈判技巧的，以及2.对方当事人已经知道或本应知道这种情况，由于这种情况以及合同的目的，以非常不公平的或获取过分利益的方式利用了第一方当事人的这种状况。
(2) Upon the request of the party entitled to avoidance, a court may if it is appropriate adapt the contract in order to bring it into accordance with what might have been agreed had the requirements of good faith and fair dealing been followed.
应有权宣布合同无效方当事人的要求，如果合适，法院可以改订合同，以使合同符合遵循诚实信用和公平交易之要求本应会达成的样子。
(3) A court may similarly adapt the contract upon the request of a party receiving notice of avoidance for excessive benefit or unfair advantage, provided that this party informs the party who gave the notice promptly after receiving it and before that party has acted in reliance on it.
类似地，法院也可以应收到因过分利益或不公平的好处而宣布合同无效之通知方当事人的要求改订合同，只要该方当事人在收到通知后而且在对方当事人信赖该通知而作出行为之前立即告知作出上述通知的一方当事人。
Article 4.110 -Unfair terms which have not been individually negotiated
第4:110条：未经个别商议的不公平合同条款
(1) A party may avoid a term which has not been individually negotiated if, contrary to the requirements of good faith and fair dealing, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract to the detriment of that party, taking into account the nature of the performance to be rendered under the contract, all the other terms of the contract and the circumstances at the time the contract was concluded.
如果未经个别商议的合同条款造成当事人的合同权利义务显著失衡，有损于一方当事人，有悖于诚实信用和公平交易，考虑合同所要求的履行的性质、合同的其他所有条款以及缔结合同时的具体情事，该方当事人可以宣布该条款无效。
(2) This Article does not apply to: (a) a term which defines the main subject matter of the contract, provided the term is in plain and intelligible language; or to (b) the adequacy in value of one party's obligations compared to the value of the obligations of the other party.
本条不适用于：1.规定合同的主要标的的条款，只要该条款用语浅显易懂；或2.一方当事人的债务在价值上与对方当事人的债务的价值具有相当性。
Article 4.111 - Third persons第4:111条：第三人
(1) Where a third person for whose acts a party is responsible, or who with a party's assent is involved in the making of a contract: (a) causes a mistake by giving information, or knows of or ought to have known of a mistake, (b) gives incorrect information, (c) commits fraud, (d) makes a threat, or (e) takes excessive benefit or unfair advantage, remedies under this Chapter will be available under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.
在一方当事人对第三人的行为负责之场合，或经一方当事人同意该第三人介入了合同的缔结，若该第三人1.因给出信息而造成了错误，或者知道或本应知道某一错误，2.给出了不正确的信息，3.犯有欺诈，4.进行了胁迫，或 5.获取过分的利益或不公平的好处，则在与恰如该方当事人自己的行为或知晓一样的条件下，可以获取本章中的救济。
(2) Where any other third person: (a) gives incorrect information, (b) commits fraud, (c) makes a threat, or (d) takes excessive benefit or unfair advantage, remedies under this Chapter will be available if the party knew or ought to have known of the relevant facts, or at the time of avoidance it has not acted in reliance on the contract.
在其他第三人从事下列行为场合：1.给出了不正确的信息，2.犯有欺诈，3.进行了胁迫，或4.获取了过分的利益或不公平的好处，如果该方当事人知道或应当知道相关的事实，或者在宣布无效之时它尚未信赖该合同而行为，则可以获取本章的救济。
Article 4.112 - Notice of Avoidance第4:112条：对无效的通知
Avoidance must be by notice to the other party.宣布无效须采用向对方当事人发出通知的方式。
Article 4.113 - Time limits第4:113条：时间限制
(1) Notice of avoidance must be given within a reasonable time, with due regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or ought to have known of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.
适当考虑具体情事，在有权宣布无效方知道或本应知道相关的事实或者在其能够自由行动之后，宣布无效的通知须在一段合理的时间内发出。
(2) However, a party may avoid an individual term under Article 4.110 if it gives notice of avoidance within a reasonable time after the other party has invoked the term.
但是，如果一方当事人在对方当事人引用某条款后的一段合理的时间内发出了宣布无效的通知，该方当事人可以依据第4:110条宣布此一单个的合同条款无效。
Article 4.114 - Confirmation第4:114条：确认
If the party who is entitled to avoid a contract confirms it, expressly or impliedly, after it knows of the ground for avoidance, or becomes capable of acting freely, avoidance of the contract is excluded.
如果有权宣布合同无效的一方当事人在它知道了无效事由后，或者在它能够自由地行动之后，明示地或默示地确认了该合同，该合同的无效即被排除。
Article 4.115 - Effect of avoidance第4:115条：无效的效力
On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever he has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided, provided he makes concurrent restitution of whatever he has received under the contract or the part of it avoided. If restitution cannot be made in kind for any reason, a reasonable sum must be paid for what has been received.
合同无效后，任何一方当事人均可要求返还依据该合同或者该合同中无效的部分他所交付的一切东西，但要求他同时返还他依据该合同或者该合同中无效的部分所接受的东西。无论什么原因，如果无法返还原物，则须对所受领的物品支付一笔合理的价金。
Article 4.116 - Partial avoidance第4:116条：部分无效
If a ground of avoidance affects only particular terms of a contract, the effect of an avoidance is limited to those terms unless, giving due consideration to all the circumstances of the case, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.
如果无效事由仅影响及于合同的特定条款，则无效的效力仅限于这些条款，除非在适当地考虑了案件的具体情事后，仍令合同的剩余部分有效不合理。
Article 4.117 - Damages第4:117条：损害赔偿
(1) A party who avoids a contract under this Chapter may recover from the other party damages so as to put the avoiding party as nearly as possible into the same position as if it had not concluded the contract, provided that the other party knew or ought to have known of the mistake, fraud, threat or taking of excessive benefit or unfair advantage.
只要对方当事人知道或者本应知道错误、欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处，有权依本章规定宣布合同无效的一方当事人可以从对方当事人获取损害赔偿，以使宣布合同无效方当事人尽可能地处于如同它未曾缔结合同一样的状态。
(2) If a party has the right to avoid a contract under this Chapter, but does not exercise its right or has lost its right under the provisions of Articles 4.113 or 4.114, it may recover, subject to paragraph (1), damages limited to the loss caused to it by the mistake, fraud, threat or taking of excessive benefit or unfair advantage. The same measure of damages shall apply when the party was misled by incorrect information in the sense of Article 4.106.
如果一方当事人依本章的规定拥有宣布合同无效的权利，但却没有行使它的权利或者根据第4:113条或第4:114条的规定丧失了它的权利，在符合第一款的条件下，它可以对因错误、欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处而给自己造成的损失获取损害赔偿。当该方当事人在第4:106条的意义上被不正确的信息误导时，亦应适用同样的损害赔偿的计算方法。
(3) In other respects, the damages shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions of Chapter 9, Section 5, with appropriate adaptations.
在别的方面，损害赔偿应符合第九章第五节的有关规定，个别方面作适当调整。
Article 4.118 - Exclusion or restriction of remedies第4:118条：对救济的排除或限制
(1) Remedies for fraud, threats and excessive benefit or unfair advantage-taking, and the right to avoid an unfair term which has not been individually negotiated, cannot be excluded or restricted.
对欺诈、胁迫或获取过分利益或不公平好处的救济，以及对未经个别商议的不公平条款宣布无效的权利，不得被排除或限制。
(2) Remedies for mistake and incorrect information may be excluded or restricted unless the exclusion or restriction is contrary to good faith and fair dealing.
对错误和不正确信息的救济可得被排除或限制，除非此种排除或限制有悖于诚实信用和公平交易。
Article 4.119 - Remedies for non-performance第4:119条：不履行之救济
A party who is entitled to a remedy under this Chapter in circumstances which afford that party a remedy for non-performance may pursue either remedy.
案情使之有权请求不履行之救济的一方当事人，如依本章的规定也可请求救济，则可请求二者中的任何一种救济。
CHAPTER 5 - INTERPRETATION第五章 解释
Article 5.101 - General Rules of Interpretation第5:101条：解释的一般规则
(1) A contract is to be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties even if this differs from the literal meaning of the words.
合同应依当事人的共同意图加以解释，即使这与用语的字面含义不同。
(2) If it is established that one party intended the contract to have a particular meaning, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the other party could not have been unaware of the first party's intention, the contract is to be interpreted in the way intended by the first party.
如果能够认定一方当事人意欲合同具有特定的含义，而且在合同缔结时对方当事人不会不知道第一方当事人的此种意图，则合同应按第一方当事人意欲的方式加以解释。
(3) If an intention cannot be established according to (1) or (2), the contract is to be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.
如果依据第一款和第二款无法认定某种意图，合同应按与双方当事人属于相同类型的通情达理之人在相同情况下所会赋予它的含义解释。
Article 5.102 - Relevant Circumstances第5:102条：相关情况
In interpreting the contract, regard shall be had, in particular, to: (a) the circumstances in which it was concluded, including the preliminary negotiations; (b) the conduct of the parties, even subsequent to the conclusion of the contract; (c) the nature and purpose of the contract; (d) the interpretation which has already been given to similar clauses by the parties and the practices they have established between themselves; (e) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the branch of activity concerned and the interpretation similar clauses may already have received; (f) usages; and (g) good faith and fair dealing.
在解释合同时，应特别注意：1.达成合同时的情况，包括预备性磋商；2.双方当事人的行为，即便是达成合同以后的行为；3.合同的性质与目的；4.由双方当事人以及它们内部确立的习惯做法对类似条款作出过的解释；5.在所涉行为的行业中条款或表述通常被赋予的含义，以及类似条款业已得到的解释；6.惯例；以及7．诚实信用和公平交易。
Article 5.103 - Contra Proferentem Rule第5:103条：对使用者不利益规则
Where there is doubt about the meaning of a contract term not individually negotiated, an interpretation of the term against the party who supplied it is to be preferred.
对未经个别商议的合同条款存有疑义时，应作不利于使用该条款之当事人的解释。
Article 5.104 - Preference to Negotiated Terms第5:104条：经过商议的条款的优先性
Terms which have been individually negotiated take preference over those which are not.
经过个别商议的条款优先于那些未经个别商议的条款。
Article 5.105 - Reference to Contract as a Whole第5:105条：合同作为整体的优先性
Terms are interpreted in the light of the whole contract in which they appear.
条款应从它们表现出来的合同整体的角度加以解释。
Article 5.106 - Terms to Be Given (Full) Effect第5:106条：赋予条款完全的效力
An interpretation which renders the terms of the contract lawful, or effective, is to be preferred to one which would not.
使合同条款合法或有效的解释方法优先于不具此种效果的解释方法。
Article 5.107 - Linguistic Discrepancies第5:107条：语言的差异
Where a contract is drawn up in two or more language versions none of which is stated to be authoritative, there is, in case of discrepancy between the versions, a preference for the interpretation according to the version in which the contract was originally drawn up.
在合同采用两种或多种语言文本，其中没有一个被指定为权威文本时，如果不同文本之间存有差异，在解释上应以合同最初采用的文本优先。
CHAPTER 6 - CONTENTS AND EFFECTS第六章 内容与效果
Article 6.101 - Statements giving rise to contractual obligation
第6:101条：产生合同债务的陈述
(1) A statement made by one party before or when the contract is concluded is to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation if that is how the other party reasonably understood it in the circumstances, taking into account: (a) the apparent importance of the statement to the other party; (b) whether the party was making the statement in the course of business; and (c) the relative expertise of the parties.
一方当事人于合同缔结前或合同缔结时所作的陈述将被视为一种合同性保证，只要那正是对方当事人在该具体情况下对它所合理地理解的，考虑：1.该陈述对于对方当事人的表面的重要性；2.该方当事人是否在经营过程中作出该陈述；以及3.当事人相关的专门技术。
(2) If one of the parties is a professional supplier who gives information about the quality or use of services or goods or other property when marketing or advertising them or otherwise before the contract for them is concluded, the statement is to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation unless it is shown that the other party knew or could not have been unaware that the statement was incorrect.
如果当事人中的一方系职业性供应人，在双方当事人的合同缔结之前，该方对其服务或商品或者其他物品进行销售、宣传等时，关于它们的性能或用途发布了信息，则该陈述应作为合同的一个条款，除非情况表明对方当事人已经知道或不可能不知道该陈述是不正确的。
(3) Such information and other undertakings given by a person advertising or marketing services, goods or other property for the professional supplier, or by a person in earlier links of the business chain, are to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation on the part of the professional supplier unless it did not know and had no reason to know of the information or undertaking.
这类信息和保证如系有人在为该职业性供应人宣传或销售服务、商品或其他物品时发布出来的，或者系处于商业链条的前部环节的人发布出来的，也要认为对该职业性供应人产生合同债务，除非它不知道也没有原因知道这种信息或保证。
Article 6.102 - Implied obligations第6:102条：默示的义务
In addition to the express terms, a contract may contain implied terms which stem from (a) the intention of the parties, (b) the nature and purpose of the contract, and (c) good faith and fair dealing.
除明示条款之外，合同仍得含有默示条款，产生于1.双方当事人的意图，2.合同的性质与目的，以及3.诚实信用与公平交易。
Article 6.103 - Simulation第6:103条：虚伪表示
When the parties have concluded an apparent contract which was not intended to reflect their true agreement, as between the parties the true agreement prevails.
如果当事人达成了一份不欲反映它们的真正合意的外表合同，对双方当事人而言应以真实合意为准。
Article 6.104 - Determination of Price第6:104条：价格的确定
Where the contract does not fix the price or the method of determining it, the parties are to be treated as having agreed on a reasonable price.
如果合同未约定价格或者确定价格的方式，则应视为当事人已同意了一合理价格。
Article 6.105 - Unilateral Determination by a Party第6:105条：由一方当事人作的单方面确定
Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by one party whose determination is grossly unreasonable, then notwithstanding any provision to the contrary, a reasonable price or other term shall be substituted.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要由一方当事人加以确定，而其决定非常不合理，则纵有其他相反规定，亦得代之以合理的价格或其他条款。
Article 6.106 - Determination by a Third Person第6:106条：由第三人作的确定
(1) Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by a third person, and it cannot or will not do so, the parties are presumed to have empowered the court to appoint another person to determine it.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要由第三人确定，而它不能够或者不愿意这么做，则推定为当事人已授权法院指定另外一人加以确定。
(2) If a price or other term fixed by a third person is grossly unreasonable, a reasonable price or term shall be substituted.
如果由第三人确定的价格或其他条款非常不合理，则应代之以一合理的价格或条款。
Article 6.107 - Reference to a Non Existent Factor第6:107条：对不存在之因素的参照
Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by reference to a factor which does not exist or has ceased to exist or to be accessible, the nearest equivalent factor shall be substituted.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要参照某一因素加以确定，而该因素不曾存在或不再存在或不再能够找到，则应代之以最为相当的因素。
Article 6.108 - Quality of Performance第6:108条：履行的质量
If the contract does not specify the quality, a party must tender performance of at least average quality.
如果合同没有特别约定质量，当事人所提交的履行至少须具有中等质量。
Article 6.109 - Contract for an Indefinite Period第6:109条：期限不定的合同
A contract for an indefinite period may be ended by either party by giving notice of reasonable length.
期限不定的合同可得由任何一方当事人作出合理期限的通知而终止。
Article 6.110 - Stipulation in Favour of a Third Party第6:110条：利益第三人之约定
(1) A third party may require performance of a contractual obligation when its right to do so has been expressly agreed upon between the promisor and the promisee, or when such agreement is to be inferred from the purpose of the contract or the circumstances of the case. The third party need not be identified at the time the agreement is concluded.
第三人可以请求合同债务之履行，如果它如此行为之权利已在允诺人与受诺人之间明确地达成协议，或者如果此种协议能够从合同的目的或者案件的具体情事中推断出来。该第三人无须于达成该协议时即已特定下来。
(2) If the third party renounces the right to performance the right is treated as never having accrued to it.
如果第三人放弃履行请求权，则视为该权利从未对它发生过。
(3) The promisee may by notice to the promisor deprive the third party of the right to performance unless: (a) the third party has received notice from the promisee that the right has been made irrevocable, or (b) the promisor or the promisee has received notice from the third party that the latter accepts the right.
受诺人可以通过向允诺人发出的通知剥夺该第三人的履行请求权，除非：1.第三人已接到受诺人的通知，称该权利已成为不可撤销的；或者2.允诺人或受诺人接到第三人的通知，称后者接受了该权利。
Article 6.111 - Change of Circumstances第6:111条：情事变更
(1) A party is bound to fulfil its obligations even if performance has become more onerous, whether because the cost of performance has increased or because the value of the performance it receives has diminished.
当事人应清偿其债务，即便是因为履行费用已经提高或是因为它所受领之履行的价值已经降低而使履行变得非常困难亦然。
(2) If, however, performance of the contract becomes excessively onerous because of a change of circumstances, the parties are bound to enter into negotiations with a view to adapting the contract or terminating it, provided that: (a) the change of circumstances occurred after the time of conclusion of the contract, (b) the possibility of a change of circumstances was not one which could reasonably have been taken into account at the time of conclusion of the contract, and (c) the risk of the change of circumstances is not one which, according to the contract, the party affected should be required to bear.
但如果由于情事的变更使合同履行变得格外困难，当事人应当进行磋商以改订合同或者解除合同，只要：1.情事变更系发生在合同达成之后，2.情事变更之可能性于达成合同之时并不能够合理地被考虑到，而且3.依据合同，情事变更之风险并非受影响之当事人所应承担的。
(3) If the parties fail to reach agreement within a reasonable period, the court may: (a) terminate the contract at a date and on terms to be determined by the court; or (b) adapt the contract in order to distribute between the parties in a just and equitable manner the losses and gains resulting from the change of circumstances.
In either case, the court may award damages for the loss suffered through a party refusing to negotiate or breaking off negotiations contrary to good faith and fair dealing.
如果当事人于一段合理的时间内没有达成合意，法院可以：1.按法院确定的时间和条件解除合同；或者2.改订合同，以便以公平合理的方式在当事人之间分摊由情事变更产生的损失和收益。
在任何一种情形，法院可以对因一方当事人悖于诚实信用与公平交易之拒绝磋商或者终止磋商而遭受的损失判予损害赔偿。
第6:101条：产生合同债务的陈述
(1) A statement made by one party before or when the contract is concluded is to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation if that is how the other party reasonably understood it in the circumstances, taking into account: (a) the apparent importance of the statement to the other party; (b) whether the party was making the statement in the course of business; and (c) the relative expertise of the parties.
一方当事人于合同缔结前或合同缔结时所作的陈述将被视为一种合同性保证，只要那正是对方当事人在该具体情况下对它所合理地理解的，考虑：1.该陈述对于对方当事人的表面的重要性；2.该方当事人是否在经营过程中作出该陈述；以及3.当事人相关的专门技术。
(2) If one of the parties is a professional supplier who gives information about the quality or use of services or goods or other property when marketing or advertising them or otherwise before the contract for them is concluded, the statement is to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation unless it is shown that the other party knew or could not have been unaware that the statement was incorrect.
如果当事人中的一方系职业性供应人，在双方当事人的合同缔结之前，该方对其服务或商品或者其他物品进行销售、宣传等时，关于它们的性能或用途发布了信息，则该陈述应作为合同的一个条款，除非情况表明对方当事人已经知道或不可能不知道该陈述是不正确的。
(3) Such information and other undertakings given by a person advertising or marketing services, goods or other property for the professional supplier, or by a person in earlier links of the business chain, are to be treated as giving rise to a contractual obligation on the part of the professional supplier unless it did not know and had no reason to know of the information or undertaking.
这类信息和保证如系有人在为该职业性供应人宣传或销售服务、商品或其他物品时发布出来的，或者系处于商业链条的前部环节的人发布出来的，也要认为对该职业性供应人产生合同债务，除非它不知道也没有原因知道这种信息或保证。
Article 6.102 - Implied obligations第6:102条：默示的义务
In addition to the express terms, a contract may contain implied terms which stem from (a) the intention of the parties, (b) the nature and purpose of the contract, and (c) good faith and fair dealing.
除明示条款之外，合同仍得含有默示条款，产生于1.双方当事人的意图，2.合同的性质与目的，以及3.诚实信用与公平交易。
Article 6.103 - Simulation第6:103条：虚伪表示
When the parties have concluded an apparent contract which was not intended to reflect their true agreement, as between the parties the true agreement prevails.
如果当事人达成了一份不欲反映它们的真正合意的外表合同，对双方当事人而言应以真实合意为准。
Article 6.104 - Determination of Price第6:104条：价格的确定
Where the contract does not fix the price or the method of determining it, the parties are to be treated as having agreed on a reasonable price.
如果合同未约定价格或者确定价格的方式，则应视为当事人已同意了一合理价格。
Article 6.105 - Unilateral Determination by a Party第6:105条：由一方当事人作的单方面确定
Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by one party whose determination is grossly unreasonable, then notwithstanding any provision to the contrary, a reasonable price or other term shall be substituted.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要由一方当事人加以确定，而其决定非常不合理，则纵有其他相反规定，亦得代之以合理的价格或其他条款。
Article 6.106 - Determination by a Third Person第6:106条：由第三人作的确定
(1) Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by a third person, and it cannot or will not do so, the parties are presumed to have empowered the court to appoint another person to determine it.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要由第三人确定，而它不能够或者不愿意这么做，则推定为当事人已授权法院指定另外一人加以确定。
(2) If a price or other term fixed by a third person is grossly unreasonable, a reasonable price or term shall be substituted.
如果由第三人确定的价格或其他条款非常不合理，则应代之以一合理的价格或条款。
Article 6.107 - Reference to a Non Existent Factor第6:107条：对不存在之因素的参照
Where the price or any other contractual term is to be determined by reference to a factor which does not exist or has ceased to exist or to be accessible, the nearest equivalent factor shall be substituted.
如果价格或合同的其他条款要参照某一因素加以确定，而该因素不曾存在或不再存在或不再能够找到，则应代之以最为相当的因素。
Article 6.108 - Quality of Performance第6:108条：履行的质量
If the contract does not specify the quality, a party must tender performance of at least average quality.
如果合同没有特别约定质量，当事人所提交的履行至少须具有中等质量。
Article 6.109 - Contract for an Indefinite Period第6:109条：期限不定的合同
A contract for an indefinite period may be ended by either party by giving notice of reasonable length.
期限不定的合同可得由任何一方当事人作出合理期限的通知而终止。
Article 6.110 - Stipulation in Favour of a Third Party第6:110条：利益第三人之约定
(1) A third party may require performance of a contractual obligation when its right to do so has been expressly agreed upon between the promisor and the promisee, or when such agreement is to be inferred from the purpose of the contract or the circumstances of the case. The third party need not be identified at the time the agreement is concluded.
第三人可以请求合同债务之履行，如果它如此行为之权利已在允诺人与受诺人之间明确地达成协议，或者如果此种协议能够从合同的目的或者案件的具体情事中推断出来。该第三人无须于达成该协议时即已特定下来。
(2) If the third party renounces the right to performance the right is treated as never having accrued to it.
如果第三人放弃履行请求权，则视为该权利从未对它发生过。
(3) The promisee may by notice to the promisor deprive the third party of the right to performance unless: (a) the third party has received notice from the promisee that the right has been made irrevocable, or (b) the promisor or the promisee has received notice from the third party that the latter accepts the right.
受诺人可以通过向允诺人发出的通知剥夺该第三人的履行请求权，除非：1.第三人已接到受诺人的通知，称该权利已成为不可撤销的；或者2.允诺人或受诺人接到第三人的通知，称后者接受了该权利。
Article 6.111 - Change of Circumstances第6:111条：情事变更
(1) A party is bound to fulfil its obligations even if performance has become more onerous, whether because the cost of performance has increased or because the value of the performance it receives has diminished.
当事人应清偿其债务，即便是因为履行费用已经提高或是因为它所受领之履行的价值已经降低而使履行变得非常困难亦然。
(2) If, however, performance of the contract becomes excessively onerous because of a change of circumstances, the parties are bound to enter into negotiations with a view to adapting the contract or terminating it, provided that: (a) the change of circumstances occurred after the time of conclusion of the contract, (b) the possibility of a change of circumstances was not one which could reasonably have been taken into account at the time of conclusion of the contract, and (c) the risk of the change of circumstances is not one which, according to the contract, the party affected should be required to bear.
但如果由于情事的变更使合同履行变得格外困难，当事人应当进行磋商以改订合同或者解除合同，只要：1.情事变更系发生在合同达成之后，2.情事变更之可能性于达成合同之时并不能够合理地被考虑到，而且3.依据合同，情事变更之风险并非受影响之当事人所应承担的。
(3) If the parties fail to reach agreement within a reasonable period, the court may: (a) terminate the contract at a date and on terms to be determined by the court; or (b) adapt the contract in order to distribute between the parties in a just and equitable manner the losses and gains resulting from the change of circumstances.
In either case, the court may award damages for the loss suffered through a party refusing to negotiate or breaking off negotiations contrary to good faith and fair dealing.
如果当事人于一段合理的时间内没有达成合意，法院可以：1.按法院确定的时间和条件解除合同；或者2.改订合同，以便以公平合理的方式在当事人之间分摊由情事变更产生的损失和收益。
在任何一种情形，法院可以对因一方当事人悖于诚实信用与公平交易之拒绝磋商或者终止磋商而遭受的损失判予损害赔偿。
CHAPTER 7 - PERFORMANCE第七章 履行
Article 7.101 - Place of Performance第7:101条：履行的地点
(1) If the place of performance of a contractual obligation is not fixed by or determinable from the contract it shall be:(a) in the case of an obligation to pay money, the creditor's place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract; (b) in the case of an obligation other than to pay money, the obligor's place of business at the time of conclusion of the contract.
如果合同债务的履行地点没有被合同固定或不能够从合同中加以确定，它得是：1.在金钱债务场合，达成合同时债权人的营业地；2.在非金钱债务场合，达成合同时债务人的营业地。
(2) If a party has more than one place of business, the place of business for the purpose of the preceding paragraph is that which has the closest relationship to the contract, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at the time of conclusion of the contract.
如果当事人有不止一个营业地，考虑达成合同时为当事人所知晓或所想象的情事，前款意指之营业地是指与合同有最密切关系的营业地。
(3) If a party does not have a place of business its habitual residence is to be treated as its place of business.
如果当事人没有营业地，则视其惯常居所地为其营业地。
Article 7.102 - Time of Performance第7:102条：履行的时间
A party has to effect its performance:当事人必须进行履行：
(1) if a time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at that time;
如果时间已在合同中载明或者可以从合同中确定，则于此一时间；
(2) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless the circumstances of the case indicate that the other party is to choose the time;
如果期间已在合同中载明或者可以从合同中确定，则在该期间内的任何时间，除非案件的具体情事表明应由另一方当事人选择时间；
(3) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.
在任何其他的场合，于达成合同后的一个合理的时间。
Article 7.103 - Early Performance第7:103条：提前的履行
(1) A party may decline a tender of performance made before it is due except where acceptance of the tender would not unreasonably prejudice its interests.
当事人对履行期前提交的履行可以拒绝，除非受领该交付不至于不合理地损害其利益。
(2) A party's acceptance of early performance does not affect the time fixed for the performance of its own obligation.
当事人对提前之履行的受领并不影响约定的它自己债务履行的时间。
Article 7.104 - Order of performance第7:104条：履行的顺序
To the extent that the performances of the parties can be rendered simultaneously, the parties are bound to render them simultaneously unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
只要双方当事人的履行可以同时提交，当事人便应同时提交，除非具体情事另有要求。
Article 7.105 - Alternative performance第7:105条：有选择余地的履行
(1) Where an obligation may be discharged by one of alternative performances, the choice belongs to the party who is to perform, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
如果债务可通过有选择余地的履行来解脱，则选择权属于履行方，除非具体情事另有要求。
(2) If the party who is to make the choice fails to do so by the time required by the contract, then: (a) if the delay in choosing is fundamental, the right to choose passes to the other party; (b) if the delay is not fundamental, the other party may give a notice fixing an additional period of reasonable length in which the party to choose must do so. If the latter fails to do so, the right to choose passes to the other party.
如果应为选择的一方当事人在合同要求的时间内没有选择，那么：1.如果选择迟延是根本性的，选择权转归对方当事人；2.如果选择迟延并非根本性的，对方当事人可以发出一份通知，另外确定一段合理的期间，于该段期间内当事人须作出选择；如果后者没有这么做，则选择权转归对方当事人。
Article 7.106 - Performance by a Third Person第7:106条：第三人的履行
(1) Except where the contract requires personal performance the obligee cannot refuse performance by a third person if: (a) the third person acts with the assent of the obligor; or (b) the third person has a legitimate interest in performance and the obligor has failed to perform or it is clear that it will not perform at the time performance is due.
除非合同要求亲自履行，如有下列情形，债权人不得拒绝由第三人提交的履行：1.该第三人经债务人的同意而行为；或者2.该第三人对履行拥有合法的利益，而债务人已没能履行或者情况表明在履行期到来时它将不会履行。
(2) Performance by the third person in accordance with paragraph (1) discharges the obligor.
第三人依第一款所作的履行使债务人获得解脱。
Article 7.107 - Form of Payment第7:107条：支付的形式
(1) Payment of money due may be made in any form used in the ordinary course of business.
金钱的支付可以一般商业过程中使用的任何一种方式进行。
(2) A creditor who, pursuant to the contract or voluntarily, accepts a cheque or other order to pay or a promise to pay is presumed to do so only on condition that it will be honoured. The creditor may not enforce the original obligation to pay unless the order or promise is not honoured.
债权人依据合同或者自愿地接受支票或其他支付之通知或支付之允诺，被视为是在它能够获得承兑的条件下始如此行为。债权人不得强制执行原始债务以支付货币，除非支付之通知或者支付之允诺未获兑现。
Article 7.108 - Currency of Payment第7:108条：支付的货币
(1) The parties may agree that payment shall be made only in a specified currency.
当事人可以约定支付价款仅采用特定的货币。
(2) In the absence of such agreement, a sum of money expressed in a currency other than that of the place where payment is due may be paid in the currency of that place according to the rate of exchange prevailing there at the time when payment is due.
如果没有这种约定，对以支付地货币以外的一种货币所表示的款项，可按照支付时支付地通行的兑换比率以该支付地的货币进行支付。
(3) If, in a case falling within the preceding paragraph, the debtor has not paid at the time when payment is due, the creditor may require payment in the currency of the place where payment is due according to the rate of exchange prevailing there either at the time when payment is due or at the time of actual payment.
在符合前款规定的场合，如果到支付时间债务人没有支付，债权人可以请求按照应为支付时或者按照实为支付时支付地通行的兑换比率以该支付地的货币进行支付。
Article 7.109 - Appropriation of Performance第7:109条：履行的充抵
(1) Where a party has to perform several obligations of the same nature and the performance tendered does not suffice to discharge all of the obligations, then subject to paragraph 4 the party may at the time of its performance declare to which obligation the performance is to be appropriated.
如果当事人必须履行同一性质的数个债务，而所提交的履行尚不足以清偿全部债务，那么在符合第四款规定的条件下，该方当事人可以在履行时声明其履行拟充抵给哪笔债务。
(2) If the performing party does not make such a declaration, the other party may within a reasonable time appropriate the performance to such obligation as it chooses. It shall inform the performing party of the choice. However, any such appropriation to an obligation which: (a) is not yet due, or (b) is illegal, or (c) is disputed，is invalid.
如果履行方当事人没有作出这种声明，另一方当事人可以在一段合理的时间内将该履行充抵给它所选择的债务。它应将其选择告知履行方。然对于下列债务的充抵是无效的：1.债务尚未到期的；或2.债务是非法的；或3.债务是有争议的。
(3) In the absence of an appropriation by either party, and subject to paragraph 4, the performance is appropriated to that obligation which satisfies one of the following criteria in the sequence indicated: (a) the obligation which is due or is the first to fall due; (b) the obligation for which the obligee has the least security; (c) the obligation which is the most burdensome for the obligor, (d) the obligation which has arisen first.
If none of the preceding criteria applies, the performance is appropriated proportionately to all obligations.
如果任何一方当事人均未作此充抵，在符合第四款规定的条件下，履行充抵给依所列顺序符合下列标准之一的债务：1.已到期的或者第一笔到期的债务；2.债权人最没保障的债务；3.对于债务人最为沉重的债务；4.最先发生的债务。
如果上述标准均不适用，则该履行按比例充抵给所有的债务。
(4) In the case of a monetary obligation, a payment by the debtor is to be appropriated, first, to expenses, secondly, to interest, and thirdly, to principal, unless the creditor makes a different appropriation.
在金钱债务场合，债务人所为之支付应充抵：一，费用，二，利息，三，本金；除非债权人作出了不同的充抵。
Article 7.110 - Property Not Accepted第7:110条：未被受领的物品
(1) A party who is left in possession of tangible property other than money because of the other party's failure to accept or retake the property must take reasonable steps to protect and preserve the property.
一方当事人如因另一方当事人没有受领或者取走并非金钱的有体物而只好继续占有该物品的，须采取合理措施保护和收藏该物品。
(2) The party left in possession may discharge its duty to deliver or return: (a) by depositing the property on reasonable terms with a third person to be held to the order of the other party, and notifying the other party of this; or (b) by selling the property on reasonable terms after notice to the other party, and paying the net proceeds to that party.
继续占有的一方当事人可以通过下列方式解脱其交付或返还的义务：1.将该物品以合理的条件以另一方当事人的名义存放于第三人处，并将此事告知了另一方当事人；或2.在通知了另一方当事人后，将该物品以合理的条件卖掉，并将纯收益付给彼方当事人。
(3) Where, however, the property is liable to rapid deterioration or its preservation is unreasonably expensive, the party must take reasonable steps to dispose of it. It may discharge its duty to deliver or return by paying the net proceeds to the other party.
但是，如果该物品是容易腐烂的或者其保管是费用格外高昂的，该方当事人须采取合理措施处理该物品。它可以通过向对方当事人支付纯收益的方式解脱其交付或返还的义务。
(4) The party left in possession is entitled to be reimbursed or to retain out of the proceeds of sale any expenses reasonably incurred.
继续占有的一方当事人对任何合理地发生的费用有权获取赔偿或者从出售的纯收益中扣除。
Article 7.111 - Money not Accepted第7:111条：未被受领的金钱
Where a party fails to accept money properly tendered by the other party, that party may after notice to the first party discharge its obligation to pay by depositing the money to the order of the first party in accordance with the law of the place where payment is due.
如果一方当事人没有受领由另一方当事人按适当方式交付的金钱，后一当事人在通知了前一当事人后，可以按照应为交付地的法律以前一当事人的名义将此笔金钱储存起来，以解脱自己的付款债务。
Article 7.112 - Costs of performance第7:112条：履行的费用
Each party shall bear the costs of performance of its obligations.
各方当事人应承受其各自债务的履行费用。
(1) If the place of performance of a contractual obligation is not fixed by or determinable from the contract it shall be:(a) in the case of an obligation to pay money, the creditor's place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract; (b) in the case of an obligation other than to pay money, the obligor's place of business at the time of conclusion of the contract.
如果合同债务的履行地点没有被合同固定或不能够从合同中加以确定，它得是：1.在金钱债务场合，达成合同时债权人的营业地；2.在非金钱债务场合，达成合同时债务人的营业地。
(2) If a party has more than one place of business, the place of business for the purpose of the preceding paragraph is that which has the closest relationship to the contract, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at the time of conclusion of the contract.
如果当事人有不止一个营业地，考虑达成合同时为当事人所知晓或所想象的情事，前款意指之营业地是指与合同有最密切关系的营业地。
(3) If a party does not have a place of business its habitual residence is to be treated as its place of business.
如果当事人没有营业地，则视其惯常居所地为其营业地。
Article 7.102 - Time of Performance第7:102条：履行的时间
A party has to effect its performance:当事人必须进行履行：
(1) if a time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at that time;
如果时间已在合同中载明或者可以从合同中确定，则于此一时间；
(2) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless the circumstances of the case indicate that the other party is to choose the time;
如果期间已在合同中载明或者可以从合同中确定，则在该期间内的任何时间，除非案件的具体情事表明应由另一方当事人选择时间；
(3) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.
在任何其他的场合，于达成合同后的一个合理的时间。
Article 7.103 - Early Performance第7:103条：提前的履行
(1) A party may decline a tender of performance made before it is due except where acceptance of the tender would not unreasonably prejudice its interests.
当事人对履行期前提交的履行可以拒绝，除非受领该交付不至于不合理地损害其利益。
(2) A party's acceptance of early performance does not affect the time fixed for the performance of its own obligation.
当事人对提前之履行的受领并不影响约定的它自己债务履行的时间。
Article 7.104 - Order of performance第7:104条：履行的顺序
To the extent that the performances of the parties can be rendered simultaneously, the parties are bound to render them simultaneously unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
只要双方当事人的履行可以同时提交，当事人便应同时提交，除非具体情事另有要求。
Article 7.105 - Alternative performance第7:105条：有选择余地的履行
(1) Where an obligation may be discharged by one of alternative performances, the choice belongs to the party who is to perform, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
如果债务可通过有选择余地的履行来解脱，则选择权属于履行方，除非具体情事另有要求。
(2) If the party who is to make the choice fails to do so by the time required by the contract, then: (a) if the delay in choosing is fundamental, the right to choose passes to the other party; (b) if the delay is not fundamental, the other party may give a notice fixing an additional period of reasonable length in which the party to choose must do so. If the latter fails to do so, the right to choose passes to the other party.
如果应为选择的一方当事人在合同要求的时间内没有选择，那么：1.如果选择迟延是根本性的，选择权转归对方当事人；2.如果选择迟延并非根本性的，对方当事人可以发出一份通知，另外确定一段合理的期间，于该段期间内当事人须作出选择；如果后者没有这么做，则选择权转归对方当事人。
Article 7.106 - Performance by a Third Person第7:106条：第三人的履行
(1) Except where the contract requires personal performance the obligee cannot refuse performance by a third person if: (a) the third person acts with the assent of the obligor; or (b) the third person has a legitimate interest in performance and the obligor has failed to perform or it is clear that it will not perform at the time performance is due.
除非合同要求亲自履行，如有下列情形，债权人不得拒绝由第三人提交的履行：1.该第三人经债务人的同意而行为；或者2.该第三人对履行拥有合法的利益，而债务人已没能履行或者情况表明在履行期到来时它将不会履行。
(2) Performance by the third person in accordance with paragraph (1) discharges the obligor.
第三人依第一款所作的履行使债务人获得解脱。
Article 7.107 - Form of Payment第7:107条：支付的形式
(1) Payment of money due may be made in any form used in the ordinary course of business.
金钱的支付可以一般商业过程中使用的任何一种方式进行。
(2) A creditor who, pursuant to the contract or voluntarily, accepts a cheque or other order to pay or a promise to pay is presumed to do so only on condition that it will be honoured. The creditor may not enforce the original obligation to pay unless the order or promise is not honoured.
债权人依据合同或者自愿地接受支票或其他支付之通知或支付之允诺，被视为是在它能够获得承兑的条件下始如此行为。债权人不得强制执行原始债务以支付货币，除非支付之通知或者支付之允诺未获兑现。
Article 7.108 - Currency of Payment第7:108条：支付的货币
(1) The parties may agree that payment shall be made only in a specified currency.
当事人可以约定支付价款仅采用特定的货币。
(2) In the absence of such agreement, a sum of money expressed in a currency other than that of the place where payment is due may be paid in the currency of that place according to the rate of exchange prevailing there at the time when payment is due.
如果没有这种约定，对以支付地货币以外的一种货币所表示的款项，可按照支付时支付地通行的兑换比率以该支付地的货币进行支付。
(3) If, in a case falling within the preceding paragraph, the debtor has not paid at the time when payment is due, the creditor may require payment in the currency of the place where payment is due according to the rate of exchange prevailing there either at the time when payment is due or at the time of actual payment.
在符合前款规定的场合，如果到支付时间债务人没有支付，债权人可以请求按照应为支付时或者按照实为支付时支付地通行的兑换比率以该支付地的货币进行支付。
Article 7.109 - Appropriation of Performance第7:109条：履行的充抵
(1) Where a party has to perform several obligations of the same nature and the performance tendered does not suffice to discharge all of the obligations, then subject to paragraph 4 the party may at the time of its performance declare to which obligation the performance is to be appropriated.
如果当事人必须履行同一性质的数个债务，而所提交的履行尚不足以清偿全部债务，那么在符合第四款规定的条件下，该方当事人可以在履行时声明其履行拟充抵给哪笔债务。
(2) If the performing party does not make such a declaration, the other party may within a reasonable time appropriate the performance to such obligation as it chooses. It shall inform the performing party of the choice. However, any such appropriation to an obligation which: (a) is not yet due, or (b) is illegal, or (c) is disputed，is invalid.
如果履行方当事人没有作出这种声明，另一方当事人可以在一段合理的时间内将该履行充抵给它所选择的债务。它应将其选择告知履行方。然对于下列债务的充抵是无效的：1.债务尚未到期的；或2.债务是非法的；或3.债务是有争议的。
(3) In the absence of an appropriation by either party, and subject to paragraph 4, the performance is appropriated to that obligation which satisfies one of the following criteria in the sequence indicated: (a) the obligation which is due or is the first to fall due; (b) the obligation for which the obligee has the least security; (c) the obligation which is the most burdensome for the obligor, (d) the obligation which has arisen first.
If none of the preceding criteria applies, the performance is appropriated proportionately to all obligations.
如果任何一方当事人均未作此充抵，在符合第四款规定的条件下，履行充抵给依所列顺序符合下列标准之一的债务：1.已到期的或者第一笔到期的债务；2.债权人最没保障的债务；3.对于债务人最为沉重的债务；4.最先发生的债务。
如果上述标准均不适用，则该履行按比例充抵给所有的债务。
(4) In the case of a monetary obligation, a payment by the debtor is to be appropriated, first, to expenses, secondly, to interest, and thirdly, to principal, unless the creditor makes a different appropriation.
在金钱债务场合，债务人所为之支付应充抵：一，费用，二，利息，三，本金；除非债权人作出了不同的充抵。
Article 7.110 - Property Not Accepted第7:110条：未被受领的物品
(1) A party who is left in possession of tangible property other than money because of the other party's failure to accept or retake the property must take reasonable steps to protect and preserve the property.
一方当事人如因另一方当事人没有受领或者取走并非金钱的有体物而只好继续占有该物品的，须采取合理措施保护和收藏该物品。
(2) The party left in possession may discharge its duty to deliver or return: (a) by depositing the property on reasonable terms with a third person to be held to the order of the other party, and notifying the other party of this; or (b) by selling the property on reasonable terms after notice to the other party, and paying the net proceeds to that party.
继续占有的一方当事人可以通过下列方式解脱其交付或返还的义务：1.将该物品以合理的条件以另一方当事人的名义存放于第三人处，并将此事告知了另一方当事人；或2.在通知了另一方当事人后，将该物品以合理的条件卖掉，并将纯收益付给彼方当事人。
(3) Where, however, the property is liable to rapid deterioration or its preservation is unreasonably expensive, the party must take reasonable steps to dispose of it. It may discharge its duty to deliver or return by paying the net proceeds to the other party.
但是，如果该物品是容易腐烂的或者其保管是费用格外高昂的，该方当事人须采取合理措施处理该物品。它可以通过向对方当事人支付纯收益的方式解脱其交付或返还的义务。
(4) The party left in possession is entitled to be reimbursed or to retain out of the proceeds of sale any expenses reasonably incurred.
继续占有的一方当事人对任何合理地发生的费用有权获取赔偿或者从出售的纯收益中扣除。
Article 7.111 - Money not Accepted第7:111条：未被受领的金钱
Where a party fails to accept money properly tendered by the other party, that party may after notice to the first party discharge its obligation to pay by depositing the money to the order of the first party in accordance with the law of the place where payment is due.
如果一方当事人没有受领由另一方当事人按适当方式交付的金钱，后一当事人在通知了前一当事人后，可以按照应为交付地的法律以前一当事人的名义将此笔金钱储存起来，以解脱自己的付款债务。
Article 7.112 - Costs of performance第7:112条：履行的费用
Each party shall bear the costs of performance of its obligations.
各方当事人应承受其各自债务的履行费用。
CHAPTER 8-NON-PERFORMANCE AND REMEDIES IN GENERAL
第八章 不履行与救济的一般规定
第八章 不履行与救济的一般规定
Article 8.101 - Remedies Available第8:101条：可以获得的救济
(1) Whenever a party does not perform an obligation under the contract and the non-performance is not excused under Article 8:108, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies set out in Chapter 9.
只要一方当事人没有履行合同债务，而且该不履行未能依第8:108条而免责，则受害方当事人可寻求第九章中规定的任何救济方式。
(2) Where a party's non-performance is excused under Article 8:108, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies set out in Chapter 9 except claiming performance and damages.
如果一方当事人的不履行能依第8:108条而免责，受害方当事人可寻求第九章中规定的除请求履行和损害赔偿之外的任何救济方式。
(3) A party may not resort to any of the remedies set out in Chapter 9 to the extent that its own act caused the other party's non-performance.
只要一方当事人自己的行为造成了另一方当事人的不履行，该方当事人不得寻求第九章中规定的任何救济方式。
Article 8.102 - Cumulation of Remedies第8:102条：救济的累积
Remedies which are not incompatible may be cumulated. In particular, a party is not deprived of its right to damages by exercising its right to any other remedy.
救济若非相互排斥即可累积。特别是，损害赔偿请求权并不因当事人行使了任何其他的救济权利而被剥夺。
Article 8.103 - Fundamental Non-Performance第8:103条：根本性不履行
A non-performance of an obligation is fundamental to the contract if: (a) strict compliance with the obligation is of the essence of the contract; or (b) the non-performance substantially deprives the aggrieved party of what it was entitled to expect under the contract, unless the other party did not foresee and could not reasonably have foreseen that result; or (c) the non-performance is intentional and gives the aggrieved party reason to believe that it cannot rely on the other party's future performance.
如有下列情形，不履行即为根本性的：1.严格符合债务要求是合同的核心；或2.不履行实质上剥夺了受害方依合同有权期待的东西，除非另一方没有预见到而且也不能够合理地预见到该结果；或3.不履行是故意的，并且使受害方有理由认为它不能再信赖对方当事人未来的履行。
Article 8.104 - Cure by Non-Performing Party第8:104条：不履行方的补救
A party whose tender of performance is not accepted by the other party because it does not conform to the contract may make a new and conforming tender where the time for performance has not yet arrived or the delay would not be such as to constitute a fundamental non-performance.
一方当事人若因其提交的履行不符合合同而未被另一方当事人受领的，如果履行期尚未到来或者其迟延并没有构成根本性不履行，则该方当事人可以进行新的和符合要求的交付。
Article 8.105 - Assurance of Performance第8:105条：履行的保证
(1) A party who reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party may demand adequate assurance of due performance and meanwhile may withhold performance of its own obligations so long as such reasonable belief continues.
一方当事人若合理地认为另一方当事人将会根本性不履行，则该方当事人可以要求对正常履行提供充分的保证；同时，只要这种合理的认识持续存在，就可以中止其自己债务的履行。
(2) Where this assurance is not provided within a reasonable time, the party demanding it may terminate the contract if it still reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party and gives notice of termination without delay.
如果此种保证在合理的时间内未被提供，只要要求保证的一方当事人仍然合理地认为另一方当事人将会根本性不履行，并且不曾迟延地发出了解除合同的通知，它就可以解除合同。
Article 8.106 - Notice Fixing Additional Period for Performance第8:106条：确定额外履行期限的通知
(1) In any case of non-performance the aggrieved party may by notice to the other party allow an additional period of time for performance.
出现任何形式的不履行，受害方当事人可向对方当事人发出通知，允许一段额外的履行期限。
(2) During the additional period the aggrieved party may withhold performance of its own reciprocal obligations and may claim damages, but it may not resort to any other remedy. If it receives notice from the other party that the latter will not perform within that period, or if upon expiry of that period due performance has not been made, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies that may be available under Chapter 9.
在这段额外的期限中，受害方当事人可以中止它自己相应债务的履行并可请求损害赔偿，但它不得寻求任何其他的救济。如果它接到对方当事人的通知，称后者于该期限内将不履行，或者如果于该期限过后尚未作出正常的履行，受害方当事人可寻求依第九章规定所可采取的任何救济。
(3) If in a case of delay in performance which is not fundamental the aggrieved party has given a notice fixing an additional period of time of reasonable length, it may terminate the contract at the end of the period of notice. The aggrieved party may in its notice provide that if the other party does not perform within the period fixed by the notice the contract shall terminate automatically. If the period stated is too short, the aggrieved party may terminate, or, as the case may be, the contract shall terminate automatically, only after a reasonable period from the time of the notice.
如果迟延履行尚未构成根本性不履行，而受害方已发出了一份确定了长度合理的额外期限的通知，那么它可以在通知的期限终了时解除合同。受害方当事人可以在它的通知中规定，如果对方当事人于通知所确定的期限内没有履行合同将自动解除。如果规定的期限过短，则只有在发出通知后的一段合理的时间后，受害方始得解除合同，或者如有可能合同始自动解除。
Article 8.107 - Performance Entrusted to Another第8:107条：委托他人的履行
A party who entrusts performance of the contract to another person remains responsible for performance.
将合同履行委托于他人的一方当事人，对于履行仍然负责。
Article 8.108 - Excuse Due to an Impediment第8:108条：因障碍而免责
(1) A party's non-performance is excused if it proves that it is due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably have been expected to take the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract, or to have avoided or overcome the impediment or its consequences.
如果一方当事人能够证明，由于超出其控制的障碍导致了不履行，而且不能够合理地期待它于合同成立时将此种障碍考虑在内或者避免或克服该障碍或其后果，则对该方当事人的不履行免责。
(2) Where the impediment is only temporary the excuse provided by this article has effect for the period during which the impediment exists. However, if the delay amounts to a fundamental non-performance, the obligee may treat it as such.
如果障碍只是暂时的，本条规定的免责事由仅于该障碍存续的期间内有其效力。然如果此种迟延构成了根本性不履行，债权人则可以如是待之。
(3) The non-performing party must ensure that notice of the impediment and of its effect on its ability to perform is received by the other party within a reasonable time after the non-performing party knew or ought to have known of these circumstances. The other party is entitled to damages for any loss resulting from the non-receipt of such notice.
不履行方当事人必须确保关于该障碍及其对它的履行能力的影响的通知于不履行方知道或者应当知道诸此情事之后的一段合理的时间内被对方当事人收到，对方当事人对因没有收到此一通知所致损失有权获取赔偿。
Article 8.109 - Clause Limiting or Excluding Remedies第8:109条：限制或者排除救济的条款
Remedies for non-performance may be excluded or restricted unless it would be contrary to good faith and fair dealing to invoke the exclusion or restriction.
对不履行的救济可以排除或限制，除非主张此种排除或者限制有悖于诚实信用和公平交易。
CHAPTER 9-PARTICULAR REMEDIES FOR NON-PERFORMANCE
第九章 对不履行的特殊救济
第九章 对不履行的特殊救济
Section 1-Right to Performance第一节 履行请求权
Article 9.101 - Monetary Obligations第9:101条：金钱债务
(1) The creditor is entitled to recover money which is due.债权人有权要回到期的金钱。
(2) Where the creditor has not yet performed its obligation and it is clear that the debtor will be unwilling to receive performance, the creditor may nonetheless proceed with its performance and may recover any sum due under the contract unless: (a) it could have made a reasonable substitute transaction without significant effort or expense; or (b) performance would be unreasonable in the circumstances.
如果债权人尚未履行其债务，而且情况表明债务人对于受领履行将会是不情愿的，债权人仍可以继续其履行并依合同获取其应得的价款，除非：1.它本可以不太费力或不太费钱地从事一项合理的替代交易；或2.在该具体情事中履行属不合理的。
Article 9.102 - Non-monetary Obligations第9:102条：非金钱债务
(1) The aggrieved party is entitled to specific performance of an obligation other than one to pay money, including the remedying of a defective performance.
受害方当事人有权主张非金钱债务的实际履行，包括对瑕疵履行所为的补救。
(2) Specific performance cannot, however, be obtained where: (a) performance would be unlawful or impossible; or (b) performance would cause the obligor unreasonable effort or expense; or (c) the performance consists in the provision of services or work of a personal character or depends upon a personal relationship, or (d) the aggrieved party may reasonably obtain performance from another source.
然如有下列情形，则不得获取实际履行：1.履行属不法或者不能；或2.履行将会导致债务人不合理的努力或花费；或3.履行属于具有人身特征的或取决于个人关系的服务或工作的约定；或4.受害方当事人能够合理地通过其他途径获取的履行。
(3) The aggrieved party will lose the right to specific performance if it fails to seek it within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the non-performance.
如果受害方当事人在已知或应知不履行后的一段合理的时间内没有寻求实际履行，则丧失实际履行请求权。
Article 9.103 - Damages Not Precluded第9:103条：损害赔偿不受妨碍
The fact that a right to performance is excluded under this Section does not preclude a claim for damages.
在本节中履行请求权被排除之事实无碍于对损害赔偿的请求。
Section 2-Right To Withhold Performance第二节 中止履行权
Article 9.201 - Right to Withhold Performance第9:201条：中止履行权
(1) A party who is to perform simultaneously with or after the other party may withhold performance until the other has tendered performance or has performed. The first party may withhold the whole of its performance or a part of it as may be reasonable in the circumstances.
与对方当事人同时或者在其后履行的一方当事人可以中止履行直到对方提出了履行或者已经履行。第一方当事人可以中止其全部的履行，也可以中止于具体情事中合乎情理的部分的履行。
(2) A party may similarly withhold performance for as long as it is clear that there will be a non-performance by the other party when the other party's performance becomes due.
只要情况表明对方履行期到来时对方当事人将会不履行，当事人同样可以中止履行。
Section 3-Termination Of The Contract第三节 合同的解除
Article 9.301 - Right to Terminate the Contract第9:301条：合同解除权
(1) A party may terminate the contract if the other party's non-performance is fundamental.
如果对方当事人的不履行是根本性的，当事人可以解除合同。
(2) In the case of delay the aggrieved party may also terminate the contract under Article 8.106 (3).
在迟延场合，受害方当事人依据第8:106条第三款也可以解除合同。
Article 9.302 - Contract to be Performed in Parts第9:302条：应部分地履行的合同
If the contract is to be performed in separate parts and in relation to a part to which a counter-performance can be apportioned, there is a fundamental non-performance, the aggrieved party may exercise its right to terminate under this Section in relation to the part concerned. It may terminate the contract as a whole only if the non-performance is fundamental to the contract as a whole.
如果合同是要分成不同的部分加以履行，而且对于其中的一部分对待履行亦得分摊开来，则发生有根本性不履行时，受害方当事人可以就相关的部分行使它享有的本节规定的解除权。只有当不履行对于整个合同而言是根本性的时，它才可以解除整个合同。
Article 9.303 - Notice of Termination第9:303条：解除的通知
(1) A party's right to terminate the contract is to be exercised by notice to the other party.
当事人解除合同的权利应以向对方当事人发出通知的方式行使。
(2) The aggrieved party loses its right to terminate the contract unless it gives notice within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the non-performance.
受害方当事人若非于知晓或应当知晓不履行后的一段合理的时间内发出通知，它便丧失解除合同的权利。
(3) (a) When performance has not been tendered by the time it was due, the aggrieved party need not give notice of termination before a tender has been made. If a tender is later made it loses its right to terminate if it does not give such notice within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the tender. (b) If, however, the aggrieved party knows or has reason to know that the other party still intends to tender within a reasonable time, and the aggrieved party unreasonably fails to notify the other party that it will not accept performance, it loses its right to terminate if the other party in fact tenders within a reasonable time.
1.在履行于到期时尚未被提交之场合，受害方当事人无须在提交被作出前发出解除的通知；如果后来提交被作出了，而它在知道或者应当知道该提交之后的一段合理的时间内仍未作出此种通知，它则丧失其解除权。2.然如果受害方知道或者有原因应知道对方仍然想要在一段合理的时间内提交履行，而受害方不合理地没有通知对方它不欲受领履行，如果对方果真于一段合理的时间内提交了履行，则受害方当事人丧失其解除权。
(4) If a party is excused under Article 8.108 through an impediment which is total and permanent, the contract is terminated automatically and without notice at the time the impediment arises.
如果一方当事人因完全的和永久的障碍而依第8:108条免责，则合同于该障碍产生时起自动解除而无须通知。
Article 9.304 - Anticipatory Non-Performance第9:304条：先期不履行
Where prior to the time for performance by a party it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance by it the other party may terminate the contract.
如果在一方当事人的履行期前情况已表明它将会根本不履行，对方当事人可解除合同。
Article 9.305 - Effects of Termination in General第9:305条：解除的一般效力
(1) Termination of the contract releases both parties from their obligation to effect and to receive future performance, but, subject to Articles 9.306 to 9.308, does not affect the rights and liabilities that have accrued up to the time of termination.
合同的解除使双方当事人从它们从事以及受领未来履行的义务中解脱出来，但依据第9:306条至第9:308条的规定，并不影响在解除之前发生的权利和责任。
(2) Termination does not affect any provision of the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other provision which is to operate even after termination.
解除并不影响任何关于纠纷解决的合同规定或者任何其他要在解除之后发挥作用的规定。
Article 9.306 - Property Reduced in Value第9:306条：价值降低的物品
A party who terminates the contract may reject property previously received from the other party if its value to the first party has been fundamentally reduced as a result of the other party's non-performance.
解除合同的一方当事人可以拒绝先前从对方当事人受领的物品，只要其对于第一方当事人的价值由于对方当事人的不履行而根本性地降低了。
Article 9.307 - Recovery of Money Paid第9:307条：已付金钱的复原
On termination of the contract a party may recover money paid for a performance which it did not receive or which it properly rejected.
于合同解除场合，当事人可以要回为它没有得到的或者是由它正当地拒绝了的履行所支付的金钱。
Article 9.308 - Recovery of Property第9:308条：物品的复原
On termination of the contract a party who has supplied property which can be returned and for which it has not received payment or other counter-performance may recover the property.
于合同解除场合，业已交付了物品的当事人，如该物品仍能退还，且对该物品当事人尚未得到价金或其他对待履行，则可以要回该物品。
Article 9.309 - Recovery for Performance that Cannot be Returned第9:309条：对无法返还的履行的恢复
On termination of the contract a party who has rendered a performance which cannot be returned and for which it has not received payment or other counter-performance may recover a reasonable amount for the value of the performance to the other party.
于合同解除场合，业已提交了履行的当事人，在履行已无法返还而且它对于履行尚未得到价金或其他对待履行时，对向对方当事人所作履行的价值可以要回一笔合理的价金。
