Section 4-Price Reduction第四节 减价 Article 9.401 - Right to Reduce Price第9:401条：减价请求权 (1) A party who accepts a tender of performance not conforming to the contract may reduce the price. This reduction shall be proportionate to t
Section 4-Price Reduction第四节 减价
Article 9.401 - Right to Reduce Price第9:401条：减价请求权
(1) A party who accepts a tender of performance not conforming to the contract may reduce the price. This reduction shall be proportionate to the decrease in the value of the performance at the time this was tendered compared to the value which a conforming tender would have had at that time.
受领了与合同不符的履行提交的一方当事人可以减少其价格。此种减价应当与履行提交时与符合要求地提交的履行相比履行之价值的降低相称。
(2) A party who is entitled to reduce the price under the preceding paragraph and who has already paid a sum exceeding the reduced price may recover the excess from the other party.
一方当事人如依前款规定有权请求减价，并且它已支付了超过减后余价的价金，则可以向对方当事人要回超出的部分。
(3) A party who reduces the price cannot also recover damages for reduction in the value of the performance but remains entitled to damages for any further loss it has suffered so far as these are recoverable under Section 5 of this Chapter.
减过价的一方当事人不得再为履行价值的降低获取损害赔偿，但仍然有权对它遭受的其他损失请求赔偿，只要它们依据本章第五节的规定是可以获取的。
(1) A party who accepts a tender of performance not conforming to the contract may reduce the price. This reduction shall be proportionate to the decrease in the value of the performance at the time this was tendered compared to the value which a conforming tender would have had at that time.
受领了与合同不符的履行提交的一方当事人可以减少其价格。此种减价应当与履行提交时与符合要求地提交的履行相比履行之价值的降低相称。
(2) A party who is entitled to reduce the price under the preceding paragraph and who has already paid a sum exceeding the reduced price may recover the excess from the other party.
一方当事人如依前款规定有权请求减价，并且它已支付了超过减后余价的价金，则可以向对方当事人要回超出的部分。
(3) A party who reduces the price cannot also recover damages for reduction in the value of the performance but remains entitled to damages for any further loss it has suffered so far as these are recoverable under Section 5 of this Chapter.
减过价的一方当事人不得再为履行价值的降低获取损害赔偿，但仍然有权对它遭受的其他损失请求赔偿，只要它们依据本章第五节的规定是可以获取的。
Section 5-Damages and Interest第五节 损害赔偿与利息
Article 9.501 - Right to Damages 第9:501条：损害赔偿请求权
(1) The aggrieved party is entitled to damages for loss caused by the other party's non-performance which is not excused under Article 8:108.
受害方当事人有权对因对方当事人的不履行而造成的损失请求赔偿，只要该不履行没有依第8:108条而免责。
(2) The loss for which damages are recoverable includes: (a) non-pecuniary loss; and (b) future loss which is reasonably likely to occur.
可获取赔偿的损失包括：1.非金钱损失；和2.合情合理地易于发生的未来的损失。
Article 9.502 - General Measure of Damages第9:502条：损害赔偿的一般标准
The general measure of damages is such sum as will put the aggrieved party as nearly as possible into the position in which it would have been if the contract had been duly performed. Such damages cover the loss which the aggrieved party has suffered and the gain of which it has been deprived.
损害赔偿的一般标准是指能够使受害方当事人尽可能地处于如果合同被正常地履行时它所会处的状态的金额。此种损害赔偿包括受害方当事人所受损失及其所失利益。
Article 9.503 - Foreseeability 第9:503条：可预见性
The non-performing party is liable only for loss which it foresaw or could reasonably have foreseen at the time of conclusion of the contract as a likely result of its non-performance, unless the non-performance was intentional or grossly negligent.
履行方当事人仅对其于合同成立时预见到的或可以合理地预见到的、作为其不履行的可能结果的损失负责，除非该不履行是故意的或重大过失的。
Article 9.504 - Loss Attributable to Aggrieved Party第9:504条：可归责于受害方当事人的损失
The non-performing party is not liable for loss suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the aggrieved party contributed to the non-performance or its effects.
只要受害方当事人助成了不履行或其结果，不履行方当事人对于受害方当事人遭受的损失不负责任。
Article 9.505 - Reduction of loss第9:505条：损失的减轻
(1) The non-performing party is not liable for loss suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the aggrieved party could have reduced the loss by taking reasonable steps.
对于受害方当事人遭受的它本可以采取合理措施减轻的损失，不履行方当事人不负责任。
(2) The aggrieved party is entitled to recover any expenses reasonably incurred in attempting to reduce the loss.
对于在力图减轻损失过程中合理地发生的费用，受害方当事人有权要求补偿。
Article 9.506 - Substitute Transaction 第9:506条：替代交易
Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has made a substitute transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the substitute transaction as well as damages for any further loss so far as these are recoverable under this Section.
如果受害方当事人已解除合同并已在一合理的时间内以合理的方式完成了一笔替代交易，它可以主张合同价格与替代交易的价格之间的差额以及依本节规定可以获取的其他损失的损害赔偿。
Article 9.507 - Current Price 第9:507条：时价
Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a substitute transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time the contract is terminated as well as damages for any further loss so far as these are recoverable under this Section.
如果受害方当事人已解除合同且没有从事替代交易，但对于约定的履行存有时价，它可以主张合同解除时合同价格与时价之间的差额以及依本节规定可以获取的其他损失的损害赔偿。
Article 9.508 - Delay in Payment of Money 第9:508条：支付金钱的迟延
(1) If payment of a sum of money is delayed, the aggrieved party is entitled to interest on that sum from the time when payment is due to the time of payment at the average commercial bank short-term lending rate to prime borrowers prevailing for the contractual currency of payment at the place where payment is due.
如果一笔金钱的支付迟延，受害方当事人有权获取该笔金钱从应予支付之日起至实际支付之日止按应予支付地向优秀借款人发放该约定支付金额短期商业银行贷款平均利率计算的利息。
(2) The aggrieved party may in addition recover damages for any further loss so far as these are recoverable under this Section.
受害方当事人另外可以主张依本节规定可以获取的对其他损失的损害赔偿。
Article 9.509 - Agreed Payment for Non-performance第9:509条：对不履行约定的违约金
(1) Where the contract provides that a party who fails to perform is to pay a specified sum to the aggrieved party for such non-performance, the aggrieved party shall be awarded that sum irrespective of its actual loss.
如果合同规定没有履行的一方当事人应为其不履行向受害方当事人支付一笔特定数额的金钱，则受害方当事人应得到该笔金钱而不管其实际损失。
(2) However, despite any agreement to the contrary the specified sum may be reduced to a reasonable amount where it is grossly excessive in relation to the loss resulting from the non-performance and the other circumstances.
然不论有任何相反约定，如果该笔特定数额的金钱与因不履行而造成的损失以及其他情事相比非常地过分，则可以减轻至一合理的数额。
Article 9.510 - Currency by which Damages to be Measured第9:510条：用以计算损害赔偿的货币
Damages are to be measured by the currency which most appropriately reflects the aggrieved party's loss.
损害赔偿应以最能反映受害方的损失的货币加以计算。
CHAPTER 10 Plurality of parties第十章 多数当事人
Section 1: Plurality of debtors第一节 多数债务人
Article 10:101: Solidary, Separate and Communal Obligations
第10：101条 连带之债、按份之债和共同之债
(1) Obligations are solidary when all the debtors are bound to render one and the same performance and the creditor may require it from any one of them until full performance has been received.
数个债务人均负一个相同履行的债，且债权人在债务全部被履行之前可以请求任何一个债务人予以履行的债为连带之债。
(2) Obligations are separate when each debtor is bound to render only part of the performance and the creditor may require from each debtor only that debtor’s part.
每个债务人只负担部分债务，且债权人只能请求债务人履行其承担部分的债务的债为单独之债。
(3) An obligation is communal when all the debtors are bound to render the performance together and the creditor may require it only from all of them.
所有的债务人共同为履行行为，且债权人只能向所有人请求履行的债为共同之债。
Article 10:102: When Solidary Obligations Arise第10：102条 连带之债的产生
(1) If several debtors are bound to render one and the same performance to a creditor under the same contract, they are solidarily liable, unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
如果数个债务人在同一个合同中对债权人为一个相同的履行，他们之间负连带之债，除非合同或者法律另有规定。
(2) Solidary obligations also arise where several persons are liable for the same damage.
当数人对同一损害负责时也产生连带之债。
(3) The fact that the debtors are not liable on the same terms does not prevent their obligations from being solidary..
所有债务人并非以相同的条件承担责任不妨碍他们的债务成为连带之债。
Article 10:103: Liability under Separate Obligations第10：103条 单独之债的责任
Debtors bound by separate obligations are liable in equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
单独之债的债务人承担相同份额的责任，除非合同和法律另有规定。
Article 10:104: Communal Obligations: Special Rule when Money claimed for Non-performance
第10：104条 共同之债：因不履行而主张金钱赔偿的特殊规则
Notwithstanding Article 10:101(3), when money is claimed for non-performance of a communal obligation, the debtors are solidarily liable for payment to the creditor.
尽管第10：101条第三款有规定，但是在共同之债不履行时债权人请求金钱赔偿，债务人对债权人承担连带责任。
Article 10:105: Apportionment between Solidary Debtors
第10：105条 连带债务人之间的债务分配
(1) As between themselves, solidary debtors are liable in equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
在连带债务人内部各债务人承担相同份额的责任，除非合同或者法律另有规定。
(2) If two or more debtors are liable for the same damage under Article 10:102(2), their share of liability as between themselves is determined according to the law governing the event which gave rise to the liability.
如果根据第10：102条第二款的规定，两个或者多个债务人对同一个损害承担责任，其承担的份额由确定他们责任的法律予以规定。
Article 10:106: Recourse between solidary Debtors第10：106条 连带债务人之间的追索权
(1) A solidary debtor who has performed more than that debtor’s share may claim the excess from any of the other debtors to the extent of each debtor's unperformed share, together with a share of any costs reasonably incurred.
支付了超出自己应付份额的连带债务人得向其他债务人请求该债务人未付之份额，以及任何合理花费的相应部分。
(2) A solidary debtor to whom paragraph (1) applies may also, subject to any prior right and interest of the creditor, exercise the rights and actions of the creditor, including accessory securities, to recover the excess from any of the other debtors to the extent of each debtor’s unperformed share.
适用前款的连带债务人还可以依照债权人的优先权和优先利益，行使债权人的请求权和诉权，包括附属有价证券，来获取其为其他债务人未履行之份额所致的多余支出。
(3) If a solidary debtor who has performed more than that debtor’s share is unable, despite all reasonable efforts, to recover contribution from another solidary debtor, the share of the others, including the one who has performed, is increased proportionally.
如果在采取了各种合理措施之后，多履行了义务的连带债务人还是不能从其他连带债务人处获得其分摊的份额的，其他债务人包括已经履行了的债务人承担的份额都要适当地增加。
Article 10:107: Performance, Set-off and Merger in Solidary Obligations
第10：107条 连带之债的履行、抵销和混同
(1) Performance or set-off by a solidary debtor or set-off by the creditor against one solidary debtor discharges the other debtors in relation to the creditor to the extent of the performance or set-off.
一个连带债务人的履行或抵销，或债权人对某一个连带债务人的抵销，就履行或者抵销部分解除与该债权人相关的其他债务人的责任。
(2) Merger of debts between a solidary debtor and the creditor discharges the other debtors only for the share of the debtor concerned.
一个连带债务人和债权人债务的混同，只就该债务人份额解除其他债务人的责任。
Article 10:108: Release or Settlement in Solidary Obligations
第10：108条 连带之债的免除和清偿
(1) When the creditor releases, or reaches a settlement with, one solidary debtor, the other debtors are discharged of liability for the share of that debtor.
当债权人对连带债务中的一个债务人免除债务或获得清偿，其他债务人就该债务人的份额解除责任。
(2) The debtors are totally discharged by the release or settlement if it so provides.
如果有规定，所有的债务人因该免除或者清偿而被免除所有责任。
(3) As between solidary debtors, the debtor who is discharged from that debtor’s share is discharged only to the extent of the share at the time of the discharge and not from any supplementary share for which that debtor may subsequently become liable under Article 10:106(3).
在连带债务人内部，被免除责任的债务人只免除当时被免除的份额，而不包括第10：106条第三款可能承担的补充部分。
Article 10:109: Effect of Judgment in Solidary Obligations第10：109条 连带之债判决的效力
A decision by a court as to the liability to the creditor of one solidary debtor does not affect:
法庭关于某个连带债务人对债权人责任的判决不影响：
(a) the liability to the creditor of the other solidary debtors; or
其他连带债务人对该债权人的责任，或者
(b) the rights of recourse between the solidary debtors under Article 10:106.
第10：106条规定的连带债务人之间的追索权。
Article 10:110: Prescription in Solidary Obligations第10：110条 连带之债的时效
Prescription of the creditor’s right to performance ("claim") against one solidary debtor does not affect:
债权人对一个连带债务人请求履行的权利之时效不影响：
(a) the liability to the creditor of the other solidary debtors; or
其他连带债务人对债权人的责任；或者
(b) the rights of recourse between the solidary debtors under Article 10:106.
第10：106条规定的连带债务人之间的追索权。
Article 10:111: Opposability of other Defences in Solidary Obligations
第10：111条 连带之债中其他抗辩的对抗
(1) A solidary debtor may invoke against the creditor any defence which another solidary debtor can invoke, other than a defence personal to that other debtor. Invoking the defence has no effect with regard to the other solidary debtors.
除可行使自己对债权人享有的抗辩外，连带债务人同样可以对债权人行使其他连带债务人的所有抗辩。抗辩的行使对其他连带债务人不发生效力。
(2) A debtor from whom contribution is claimed may invoke against the claimant any personal defence that that debtor could have invoked against the creditor.
被请求分摊连带债务的债务人可以向请求的一方行使任何其针对于债权人的抗辩
Section 2 : Plurality of creditors第二节 多数债权人
Article 10:201: Solidary, Separate and Communal Claims
第10：201条 连带、单独和共同债权
(1) Claims are solidary when any of the creditors may require full performance from the debtor and when the debtor may render performance to any of the creditors.
数个债权人均可请求债务人完全履行债务，且债务人可以向任何一个债权人为履行的债权为连带债权。
(2) Claims are separate when the debtor owes each creditor only that creditor’s share of the claim and each creditor may require performance only of that creditor’s share.
债务人对每个债权人只付其相应的份额，且每个债权人只能请求债务人为其相应份额之履行的债权为单独债权。
(3) A claim is communal when the debtor must perform to all the creditors and any creditor may require performance only for the benefit of all.
债务人必须向所有的债权人履行，且任何债权人只能为所有债权人之利益而请求履行的债权为共同债权。
Article 10:202: Apportionment of Separate Claims第10：202条 单独债权的分配
Separate creditors are entitled to equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
每个单独债权人享有相同的份额，除非合同或者法律另有规定。
Article 10:203: Difficulties of executing a Communal Claim
第10：203条 执行共同债权的困难
If one of the creditors in a communal claim refuses, or is unable to receive, the performance, the debtor may discharge the obligation to perform by depositing the property or money with a third party according to Articles 7:110 or 7:111 of the Principles.
如果共同债权人中的一人拒绝或者不能接受履行，债务人可以根据本通则第7：110条或者第7：111条通过第三方提存财产或者金钱免除责任。
Article 10:204: Apportionment of Solidary Claims第10：204条 连带债权的分配
(1) Solidary creditors are entitled to equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
连带债权人享有相同的份额，除非合同或者法律另有规定。
(2) A creditor who has received more than that creditor’s share must transfer the excess to the other creditors to the extent of their respective shares.
接受了超出自己份额的债权人必须将超出部分转移给其他的债权人。
Article 10:205: Regime of solidary Claims第10：205条连带债权的范围
(1) A release granted to the debtor by one of the solidary creditors has no effect on the other solidary creditors
一个连带债权人对债务人债务的免除对其他连带债权人没有效力。
(2) The rules of Articles 10:107, 10:109, 10:110 and 10:111(1) apply, with appropriate adaptations, to solidary claims.
本通则第138条、第140条、第141条和第142条经过适当的修改适用于连带债权。
CHAPTER 11 Assignment of Claims第十一章 债权转让
Section 1: General Principles第一节 一般原则
Article 11:101: Scope of Chapter第11：101条 本章适用范围
(1) This Chapter applies to the assignment by agreement of a right to performance ("claim") under an existing or future contract.
本章适用于现在或者将来的合同中关于债权的转让协议。
(2) Except where otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, this Chapter also applies to the assignment by agreement of other transferable claims.
除另有规定或者上下文另有要求，本章也适用于其他可转让债权的转让协议。
(3) This Chapter does not apply: 本章不适用于：
(a) to the transfer of a financial instrument or investment security where, under the law otherwise applicable, such transfer must be by entry in a register maintained by or for the issuer; or
金融文据或者投资证券的转让，在其他的法律规定下，该转让必须由发行人或者为发行人保存的登记；或者
(b) to the transfer of a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument or of a negotiable security or a document of title to goods where, under the law otherwise applicable, such transfer must be by delivery (with any necessary indorsement).
汇票或者其他流通票据或者流通的有价证券或者货物所有权凭证的转让，在其他法律的规定下，该转让必须带有任何必要的背书。
(4) In this Chapter "assignment" includes an assignment by way of security.
本章中的“转让”包括作为担保的转让。
(5) This Chapter also applies, with appropriate adaptations, to the granting by agreement of a right in security over a claim otherwise than by assignment.
经过适当的修改，本章还适用于通过债权担保而不是通过转让的权利的协议。
Article 11:102: Contractual Claims Generally Assignabl
第11：102条 合同债权一般可以转让
(1) Subject to Articles 11:301 and 11:302, a party to a contract may assign a claim under it.
根据第11：301条和11：302条，合同一方当事人可以转让债权。
(2) A future claim arising under an existing or future contract may be assigned if at the time when it comes into existence, or at such other time as the parties agree, it can be identified as the claim to which the assignment relates.
现在或者将来合同中产生的将来债权可以转让，如果在其出现或者当事人同意的其他这样的时候，该债权可以被认定为转让涉及的债权。
Article 11:103: Partial Assignment第11：103条 部分转让
A claim which is divisible may be assigned in part, but the assignor is liable to the debtor for any increased costs which the debtor thereby incurs.
可分之债权可以部分转让，但是转让人对于债务人可能由此而增加的任何费用负责。
Article 11:104: Form of Assignment第11：104条 转让的形式
An assignment need not be in writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
转让不必用书面形式或者遵守其他关于形式的要求。转让可以用任何手段来举证，包括证人证言。
Section 2: Effects of Assignment As Between Assignor and Assignee
第二节 转让人和受让人之间的转让效力
Article 11:201: Rights Transferred to Assignee第11：201条 转让给受让人的权利
(1) The assignment of a claim transfers to the assignee: 转让给受让人的权力：
(a) all the assignor's rights to performance in respect of the claim assigned; and
被转让债权中转让所有人所有的履行请求权：和
(b) all accessory rights securing such performance. 保证该履行的所有附加权利。
(2)Where the assignment of a claim under a contract is associated with the substitution of the assignee as debtor in respect of any obligation owed by the assignor under the same contract, this Article takes effect subject to Article 12:201.
如果根据合同对债权的转让与受让人根据同一合同代替转让人成为债务人并承担转让人所有债务相联系，那么本条根据第12：201条生效。
Article 11:202: When Assignment Takes Effect第11：202条 转让生效的时间
(1) An assignment of an existing claim takes effect at the time of the agreement to assign or such later time as the assignor and assignee agree.
现存债权的转让于转让协议达成或者转让人和受让人后来同意的时候开始生效。
(2)An assignment of a future claim is dependent upon the assigned claim coming into existence but thereupon takes effect from the time of the agreement to assign or such later time as the assignor and assignee agree.
将来债权的转让取决于转让债权的产生，但是从同意转让的时间或者转让人和受让人后来同意的时候开始生效。
Article 11:203: Preservation of Assignee’s Rights Against Assignor
第11：203条 受让人对转让人权利的保留
An assignment is effective as between the assignor and assignee, and entitles the assignee to whatever the assignor receives from the debtor, even if it is ineffective against the debtor under Article 11:301 or 11:302.
即使根据第11：301条和第11：302条转让对于债务人无效，转让人和受让人之间的转让仍然有效，且受让人可以取得转让人自债务人处所接受的全部。
Article 11:204: Undertakings by Assignor第11：204条 转让人的保证
By assigning or purporting to assign a claim the assignor undertakes to the assignee that:
通过转让或者声称转让债权，转让人对受让人保证：
(a) at the time when the assignment is to take effect the following conditions will be satisfied except as otherwise disclosed to the assignee:
除了向受让人另有说明，转让生效时必须满足以下情形，
(i) the assignor has the right to assign the claim; 转让人有权转让债权；
(ii) the claim exists and the assignee's rights are not affected by any defences or rights (including any right of set-off) which the debtor might have against the assignor; and
债权存在，并且受让人的权利不会被债务人可能对转让人行使的任何抗辩或者请求权（任何抵销权）影响；以及
(iii) the claim is not subject to any prior assignment or right in security in favour of any other party or to any other incumbrance;
债权没有任何在先的转让或者为其他任何人所做的担保或者其他的障碍。
(b) the claim and any contract under which it arises will not be modified without the consent of the assignee unless the modification is provided for in the assignment agreement or is one which is made in good faith and is of a nature to which the assignee could not reasonably object; and
债权和任何根据债权产生的合同不会在未经受让人同意的情况下变更，除非在转让合同中规定了做出该修改，或者该修改是出于善意并且该修改的性质是受让人不会合理反对的；以及
(c) the assignor will transfer to the assignee all transferable rights intended to secure performance which are not accessory rights.
为了确保非附属性的权利得以实现，转让人应将所有可转让的权利转移给受让人。
Section 3: Effects of Assignment As Between Assignee and Debtor
第三节 转让在受让人和债务人之间的效力
Article 11:301: Contractual Prohibition of Assignment第11：301条 合同禁止转让
(1) An assignment which is prohibited by or is otherwise not in conformity with the contract under which the assigned claim arises is not effective against the debtor unless:
合同禁止转让或者转让与该合同的规定不一致的，转让对债务人无效，除非：
(a) the debtor has consented to it; or债务人同意；或者
(b) the assignee neither knew nor ought to have known of the non-conformity; or
受让人不知道或者不应当知道这种不一致；或者
(c) the assignment is made under a contract for the assignment of future rights to payment of money.
转让是在转让将来金钱支付权利的合同中确定的。
(2) Nothing in the preceding paragraph affects the assignor's liability for the non-conformity.
前款的规定不影响转让人对与合同的不一致应负的责任。
Article 11:302: Other Ineffective Assignments第11：302条 其他无效转让
An assignment to which the debtor has not consented is ineffective against the debtor so far as it relates to a performance which the debtor, by reason of the nature of the performance or the relationship of the debtor and the assignor, could not reasonably be required to render to anyone except the assignor.
只要与转让有关的履行由于其性质或者债务人和转让人之间的关系不能合理地要求债务人向除转让人之外的任何人来履行，债务人不同意转让的，转让对债务人无效。
Article 11:303: Effect on Debtor's Obligation第11：303条 对债务人债务的效力
(1) Subject to Articles 11:301, 11:302, 11:307 and 11:308, the debtor is bound to perform in favour of the assignee if and only if the debtor has received a notice in writing from the assignor or the assignee which reasonably identifies the claim which has been assigned and requires the debtor to give performance to the assignee.
根据第11：301条、第11：302条、第11：307条和第11：308条的规定，在且仅在债务人收到转让人的书面通知或者受让人合理地证明债权已被转让并要求债务人对受让人予以履行时，债务人才对受让人进行履行。
(2) However, if such notice is given by the assignee, the debtor may within a reasonable time request the assignee to provide reliable evidence of the assignment, pending which the debtor may withhold performance.
然而，如果转让通知是受让人提出的，债务人可以在合理时间内要求受让人提供转让的合理证据，在此之前债务人可以拒绝履行。
(3) Where the debtor has acquired knowledge of the assignment otherwise than by a notice conforming to paragraph (1), the debtor may either withhold performance from or give performance to the assignee.
债务人获得了与第一款中通知不同的转让信息后，可以拒绝向受让人履行或者向受让人履行。
(4) Where the debtor gives performance to the assignor, the debtor is discharged if and only if the performance is given without knowledge of the assignment.
债务人向转让人履行的，在且仅在履行是不知转让的情况下作出时，债务人责任得以免除。
Article 11:304: Protection of Debtor第11：304条 对债务人的保护
A debtor who performs in favour of a person identified as assignee in a notice of assignment under Article 11:303 is discharged unless the debtor could not have been unaware that such person was not the person entitled to performance.
债务人根据第11：303条按照转让通知中确定的受让人家一履行后，其债务得以免除，除非债务人不可能不知道该人是不具有领受履行资格的人。
Article 11:305: Competing Demands第11：305条 竞争性要求
A debtor who has received notice of two or more competing demands for performance may discharge liability by conforming to the law of the due place of performance, or, if the performances are due in different places, the law applicable to the claim.
债务人收到两个或者多个关于履行冲突的要求时，通过依照适当履行地法律解除债务或者如果履行在不同的地点都是适当的，通过遵照债权地法律解除债务。
Article 11:306: Place of Performance第11：306条 履行地点
(1) Where the assigned claim relates to an obligation to pay money at a particular place, the assignee may require payment at any place within the same country or, if that country is a Member State of the European Union, at any place within the European Union, but the assignor is liable to the debtor for any increased costs which the debtor incurs by reason of any change in the place of performance.
如果转让的债权是在某个特定地点支付金钱，受让人可以要求在同一国家的任何地方作为履行地点或者，如果该国是欧盟成员国，可以要求在欧盟任何地方履行，但是转让人承担因为改变履行地点而增加的任何费用。
(2) Where the assigned claim relates to a non-monetary obligation to be performed at a particular place, the assignee may not require performance at any other place.
如果转让的债权是关于在某个特定地点的非金钱债务，受让人不得要求在其他地点为履行。
Article 11:307: Defences and Rights of Set-Off第11：307条 抗辩和抵销的权利
(1) The debtor may set up against the assignee all substantive and procedural defences to the assigned claim which the debtor could have used against the assignor.
债务人可以就转让的债权向受让人提出所有能够对抗转让人的实体抗辩和程序抗辩。
(2) The debtor may also assert against the assignee all rights of set-off which would have been available against the assignor under Chapter 13 in respect of any claim against the assignor:
债务人可以向受让人主张抵销，如果该权利是根据第十三章债务人所享有的针对于转让人的权利：
(a) existing at the time when a notice of assignment, whether or not conforming to Article 11:303(1), reaches the debtor; or
在转让通知到达债务人时存在，无论该通知是否与第11：303条第一款相符；或
(b) closely connected with the assigned claim. 紧密地与受让的债权相联系。
Article 11:308: Unauthorised Modification not Binding on Assignee
第11：308条 未经授权的修改不约束受让人
A modification of the claim made by agreement between the assignor and the debtor, without the consent of the assignee, after a notice of assignment, whether or not conforming to Article 11:303(1), reaches the debtor does not affect the rights of the assignee against the debtor unless the modification is provided for in the assignment agreement or is one which is made in good faith and is of a nature to which the assignee could not reasonably object.
转让人和债务人之间通过协议对债权的修改，没有受让人的同意，无论该修改是否符合第11：303条第一款的规定，在转让通知到达债务人之后，不影响受让人对债务人的权利，除非该修改在转让合同中有规定或者该修改是出于善意并且该修改的性质是受让人不能合理地加以反对的。
Section 4: Order of Priority between Assignee and Competing Claimants
第四节 受让人和对抗性请求人之间的优先权的顺序
Article 11:401: Priorities第11：401条 优先权
(1) Where there are successive assignments of the same claim, the assignee whose assignment is first notified to the debtor has priority over any earlier assignee if at the time of the later assignment the assignee under that assignment neither knew nor ought to have known of the earlier assignment.
如果同一个债权有连续的转让，如果在后的受让人在受让时不知道或者不应知道有在先的转让，就转让第一个对债务人进行通知的受让人享有优先于其他在先受让人的权利。
(2) Subject to paragraph (1), the priority of successive assignments, whether of existing or future claims, is determined by the order in which they are made.
根据第一款，现在或将来的债权连续转让中的优先权，由转让的顺序决定。
(3) The assignee’s interest in the assigned claim has priority over the interest of a creditor of the assignor who attaches that claim, whether by judicial process or otherwise, after the time the assignment has taken effect under Article 11:202.
转让根据第11：202条生效之后，无论是通过司法程序或者其他程序，受让人在受让债权上的利益优先于转让人之债权人对该债权的利益。
(4) In the event of the assignor's bankruptcy, the assignee's interest in the assigned claim has priority over the interest of the assignor's insolvency administrator and creditors, subject to any rules of the law applicable to the bankruptcy relating to:
在转让人破产时，根据以下与破产相关的法律，受让人在受让债权上的利益优先于转让人破产管理人和破产债权人
(a) publicity required as a condition of such priority; 此种优先权情形的公开
(b) the ranking of claims; or债权的等级；或者
(c) the avoidance or ineffectiveness of transactions in the bankruptcy proceedings.
破产程序中交易的撤销或者无效
CHAPTER12 Substitution of New Debtor: Transfer of Contract
第十二章 新的相务人的替代：合同的技移
Section 1: Substitution of New Debtor第一节 新的债务人的替代
Article 12:101: Substitution: General rules第12：101条 替代：一般规则
(1) A third person may undertake with the agreement of the debtor and the creditor to be substituted as debtor, with the effect that the original debtor is discharged.
第三方可以根据债务人和债权人之间的协议替代成为债务人，原债务人之债务即被解除。
(2) A creditor may agree in advance to a future substitution. In such a case the substitution takes effect only when the creditor is given notice by the new debtor of the agreement between the new and the original debtor.
债权人可以事先同意将来的债务人的替代。在此种情形下，只有在新债务人将新旧债务人之间的协议通知债权人时该替代才生效。
Article 12:102: Effects of Substitution on Defences and Securities
第12：102条 关于抗辩和担保的替代效力
(1) The new debtor cannot invoke against the creditor any rights or defences arising from the relationship between the new debtor and the original debtor.
新旧债务人之间的任何权利或者抗辩不得对抗债权人。
(2) The discharge of the original debtor also extends to any security of the original debtor given to the creditor for the performance of the obligation, unless the security is over an asset which is transferred to the new debtor as part of a transaction between the original and the new debtor.
原债务人债务的解除也及于原债务人对债务的履行提供给债权人的任何担保，除非该担保是作为原债务人和新债务人交易中的一部分所转让的财产。
(3) Upon discharge of the original debtor, a security granted by any person other than the new debtor for the performance of the obligation is released, unless that other person agrees that it should continue to be available to the creditor.
基于原债务人债务的解除，新债务人之外任何第三人为原债务的履行而提供的担保也相应地解除，除非该第三人同意继续担保。
(4) The new debtor may invoke against the creditor all defences which the original debtor could have invoked against the creditor.
新债务人享有原债务人得对抗债权人的任何抗辩。
Section 2: Transfer of Contract第二节 合同的移转
Article 12:201: Transfer of Contract第12：201条 合同的转移
(1) A party to a contract may agree with a third person that that person is to be substituted as the contracting party. In such a case the substitution takes effect only where, as a result of the other party’s assent, the first party is discharged.
合同当事人一方可以同意第三方替代其成为合同当事人。在此种情形下，合同另一方当事人同意之后替代才生效，被替代的一方的合同责任即被解除。
(2) To the extent that the substitution of the third person as a contracting party involves a transfer of rights to performance ("claims"), the provisions of Chapter 11 apply; to the extent that obligations are transferred, the provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter apply.
在第三方成为合同当事人时，涉及债权移转的，适用第十一章的规定；涉及债务移转的，适用本章第一节的规定。
CHAPTER 13 Set-Off第十三章 抵销
Article 13:101: Requirements for Set-Off第13：101条 抵销的条件
If two parties owe each other obligations of the same kind, either party may set off that party’s right to performance ("claim") against the other party's claim, if and to the extent that, at the time of set-off, the first party:
如果双方互负同种类的债务，任何一方可以用自己的债权抵销对方的债权，在抵销时，如果并在此范围内抵销方：
(a) is entitled to effect performance; and有权实现自己的履行。
(b) may demand the other party's performance. 可以要求对方的履行。
Article 13:102: Unascertained Claims第13：102条 不确定的债权
(1) A debtor may not set off a claim which is unascertained as to its existence or value unless the set-off will not prejudice the interests of the other party.
除非抵销不影响对方的利益，否则债务人不得抵销存在不确定或者价值不确定的债权。
(2) Where the claims of both parties arise from the same legal relationship it is presumed that the other party's interests will not be prejudiced.
如果双方的债权源自同一法律关系，推定抵销不会影响对方的利益。
Article 13:103: Foreign Currency Set-Off第13：103条 外币抵销
Where parties owe each other money in different currencies, each party may set off that party’s claim against the other party's claim, unless the parties have agreed that the party declaring set-off is to pay exclusively in a specified currency.
如果双方以不同货币互负金钱债务，每一方可以抵销对方的债权，除非双方已达成协议提出抵销的一方必须以特定的货币履行其债务。
Article 13:104: Notice of Set-Off第13：104条 抵销通知
he right of set-off is exercised by notice to the other party.
抵销权以向对方发出通知的方式行使。
Article 13:105: Plurality of Claims and Obligations第13：105条 多个债权和债务
(1) Where the party giving notice of set-off has two or more claims against the other party, the notice is effective only if it identifies the claim to which it relates.
如果发出抵销通知的一方对对方有两个或者多个的债权，抵销通知只对在通知中明确指明抵销的某个债权生效。
(2) Where the party giving notice of set-off has to perform two or more obligations towards the other party, the rules in Article 7:109 apply with appropriate adaptations.
如果发出抵销通知的一方要向对方履行两个或者多个的债务，第7：109条经过适当修改可以适用。
Article 13:106: Effect of Set-Off第13：106条 抵销的效力
Set-off discharges the obligations, as far as they are coextensive, as from the time of notice.
如果债务范围相同，自发出抵销通知时，抵销解除债务。
Article 13:107: Exclusion of Right of Set-Off第13：107条 抵销权的排除
Set-off cannot be effected: 以下情形抵销不能生效：
(a) where it is excluded by agreement; 协议排除抵销；
(b) against a claim to the extent that that claim is not capable of attachment; and
被抵销的权利无法产生；并且
(c) against a claim arising from a deliberate wrongful act.
被抵销的权利是故意的不法行为的结果。
CHAPTER 14 Prescription第十四章 时效
Section 1: General Provision第一节 一般规定
Article 14:101: Claims subject to Prescription第14：101条 债权的时效
A right to performance of an obligation ("claim") is subject to prescription by the expiry of a period of time in accordance with these Principles.
请求履行债务的权利所遵从的时效是指根据本通则规定的某段时间的经过。
Section 2: Periods of Prescription and their Commencement第二节 时效期间及其起算点
Article 14:201: General Period第14：201条 一般期间
The general period of prescription is three years. 时效的一般期间为三年。
Article 14:202: Period for a Claim Established by Legal Proceedings
第14：202条 法定程序规定的请求期间
(1) The period of prescription for a claim established by judgment is ten years.
由判决确定的债权，时效期间为十年。
(2) The same applies to a claim established by an arbitral award or other instrument which is enforceable as if it were a judgment.
仲裁裁决或者其他类似判决的有强制执行力的法律文件规定的债权也适用十年规定。
Article 14:203: Commencement第14：203条 起算
(1) The general period of prescription begins to run from the time when the debtor has to effect performance or, in the case of a right to damages, from the time of the act which gives rise to the claim.
一般时效开始于债务人必须履行债务之时，或者，如果是在损害赔偿的请求中，从产生请求赔偿的行为发生时起算。
(2) Where the debtor is under a continuing obligation to do or refrain from doing something, the general period of prescription begins to run with each breach of the obligation.
如果债务人有持续义务为或不为某事，一般的时效期间开始于每次对义务的违反。
(3) The period of prescription set out in Article 14:202 begins to run from the time when the judgment or arbitral award obtains the effect of res judicata, or the other instrument becomes enforceable, though not before the debtor has to effect performance.
第14：202条确定的诉讼期间开始于判决或者仲裁裁决取得既判案件结果之时，或者其他法律文件可执行之时，但不早于债务人必须履行债务之时。
Section 3: Extension of Period第三节 期间的延长
Article 14:301: Suspension in Case of Ignorance第14：301条 因不知情而中止
The running of the period of prescription is suspended as long as the creditor does not know of, and could not reasonably know of:
只要债权人不知道或者不能合理地知道以下情况，时效中止：
(a) the identity of the debtor; or债务人的身份；或者
(b) the facts giving rise to the claim including, in the case of a right to damages, the type of damage.
产生请求权的事实，包括在产生损害赔偿请求权的情况下损害的种类。
Article 14:302: Suspension in Case of Judicial and Other Proceedings
第14：302条 因司法或其他程序而中止
(1) The running of the period of prescription is suspended from the time when judicial proceedings on the claim are begun.
自关于该债权的司法程序开始起，时效期间的计算中止。
(2) Suspension lasts until a decision has been made which has the effect of res judicata, or until the case has been otherwise disposed of.
中止持续到判决生效或者用其他的方法结束案件。
(3) These provisions apply, with appropriate adaptations, to arbitration proceedings and to all other proceedings initiated with the aim of obtaining an instrument which is enforceable as if it were a judgment.
经适当的修改，这些规则适用于仲裁程序和其他一切为了取得类似判决的有强制执行力的法律文件而发动的其他程序。
Article 14:303: Suspension in Case of Impediment beyond Creditor's Control
第14：303条 因债权人的控制之外的障碍而中止
(1) The running of the period of prescription is suspended as long as the creditor is prevented from pursuing the claim by an impediment which is beyond the creditor’s control and which the creditor could not reasonably have been expected to avoid or overcome.
只要因债权人控制之外的障碍而阻止其主张债权的，且该障碍是债权人不能合理预见并不能避免或者克服的，时效期间的计算中止。
(2) Paragraph (1) applies only if the impediment arises, or subsists, within the last six months of the prescription period.
障碍的发生或存在是在时效期间的最后6个月内，才适用前款。
Article 14:304: Postponement of Expiry in Case of Negotiations
第14：304条 因协商而推迟时效届满
If the parties negotiate about the claim, or about circumstances from which a claim might arise, the period of prescription does not expire before one year has passed since the last communication made in the negotiations.
如果双方协商了债权或者债权可能产生的情形，在最后一次协商的一年之内时效期间不届满。
Article 14:305: Postponement of Expiry in Case of Incapacity
第14：3O5条 因丧失行为能力而推迟到期时间
(1) If a person subject to an incapacity is without a representative, the period of prescription of a claim held by or against that person does not expire before one year has passed after either the incapacity has ended or a representative has been appointed.
如果丧失行为能力的人没有代理人，该无行为能力人的债权或对其行使债权的时效期间在无行为能力状态结束或者指定代理人之后的一年内不届满。
(2) The period of prescription of claims between a person subject to an incapacity and that person’s representative does not expire before one year has passed after either the incapacity has ended or a new representative has been appointed.
在无行为能力人和其代理人之间的债权时效期间在无行为能力状态结束或者指定代理人之后的一年内时效不届满。
Article 14:306: Postponement of Expiry: Deceased’s Estate
第14：306条 时效期间届满的推迟：死者的不动产
Where the creditor or debtor has died, the period of prescription of a claim held by or against the deceased’s estate does not expire before one year has passed after the claim can be enforced by or against an heir, or by or against a representative of the estate.
如果债权人或者债务人死亡，该死者的不动产债权或者对其行使的不动产债权在债权能够对由其继承人或者对其继承人行使、由其代理人或者对其代理人行使的一年之内，
诉讼时效期间不届满。
Article 14:307: Maximum Length of Period第14：307条 最长期间
The period of prescription cannot be extended, by suspension of its running or postponement of its expiry under these Principles, to more than ten years or, in case of claims for personal injuries, to more than thirty years. This does not apply to suspension under Article 14:302.
按本通则规定通过诉讼时效的终止或者推迟其届满时间而延长的诉讼时效不得超过十年；在人身伤害的案件中，不超过三十年。本条不适用于本通则第14：302条中规定的
时效中止。
Section 4: Renewal of Periods第四节 期限的重新计算
Article 14:401: Renewal by Acknowledgement 第14：401条 因承认而重新计算
(1) If the debtor acknowledges the claim, vis-à-vis the creditor, by part payment, payment of interest, giving of security, or in any other manner, a new period of prescription begins to run.
如果债务人对债权人，或债权人对债务人，通过部分支付、支付利息、提供担保或者用其他的方法承认债权，新的诉讼时效开始起算。
(2) The new period is the general period of prescription, regardless of whether the claim was originally subject to the general period of prescription or the ten year period under Article 14:202. In the latter case, however, this Article does not operate so as to shorten the ten year period.
不管这个债权原来是遵守一般的诉讼时效期间还是根据第14：202条十年的时效规定，新的期间为一般诉讼时效。然而，在后一种情况，为缩短十年的期间，本条不生效。
Article 14:402: Renewal by Attempted Execution第14：402条 因试图执行而重新计算
The ten year period of prescription laid down in Article 14:202 begins to run again with each reasonable attempt at execution undertaken by the creditor.
第14：202条 规定的十年时效因债权人每一次采取合理的执行措施而开始重新计算。
Section 5: Effects of Prescription第五节 诉讼时效的效力
Article 14:501: General Effect第14：501条 一般效力
(1) After expiry of the period of prescription the debtor is entitled to refuse performance.
在诉讼时效期间届满后，债务人有权拒绝履行。
(2) Whatever has been performed in order to discharge a claim may not be reclaimed merely because the period of prescription had expired.
任何为了解除债务而为的履行不得因为超过诉讼时效而要求返还。
Article 14:502: Effect on Ancillary Claims第14：502条 附属债权的效力
The period of prescription for a right to payment of interest, and other claims of an ancillary nature, expires not later than the period for the principal claim.
请求支付利息和其他有附属性质的债权的诉讼时效不晚于主债权的时效。
Article 14:503: Effect on Set-Off第14：503条 抵销的效力
A claim in relation to which the period of prescription has expired may nonetheless be set off, unless the debtor has invoked prescription previously or does so within two months of notification of set-off.
但是，已经经过诉讼时效的债权可以被抵销，除非债务人在先前已提出诉讼时效作为抗辩，或者在收到抵销通知的两个月内进行抗辩。
Section 6: Modification by Agreement第六节 通过协议修改
Article 14:601: Agreements Concerning Prescription
第14：601条 关于诉讼时效的协议
(1) The requirements for prescription may be modified by agreement between the parties, in particular by either shortening or lengthening the periods of prescription.
诉讼时效的规定可以通过双方的协议加以变更，特别是缩短或者延长诉讼时效期间。
(2) The period of prescription may not, however, be reduced to less than one year or extended to more than thirty years after the time of commencement set out in Article 14:203.
但是诉讼时效在第14：203条规定开始起算之后不能减少至少于一年或是增加至超过三十年。
CHAPTER 15 Illegality第十五章 违法行为
Article 15:101: Contracts Contrary to Fundamental Principles
第15：101条 违反基本原则的合同
A contract is of no effect to the extent that it is contrary to principles recognised as fundamental in the laws of the Member States of the European Union.
违反欧盟成员国法律基本原则的合同无效。
Article 15:102: Contracts Infringing Mandatory Rules第15：102条 违反强制性规则的合同
(1) Where a contract infringes a mandatory rule of law applicable under Article 1:103 of these Principles, the effects of that infringement upon the contract are the effects, if any, expressly prescribed by that mandatory rule.
如果合同违反了第1：103条下适用法律的强制性规则，合同违反该项法律的后果就是该法明确规定的法律后果。
(2) Where the mandatory rule does not expressly prescribe the effects of an infringement upon a contract, the contract may be declared to have full effect, to have some effect, to have no effect, or to be subject to modification.
如果强制性规则没有明确地指出违反法律的合同的效力，合同可能被认为有完整的效力、有部分效力、无效、或者要求对合同进行修改。
(3) A decision reached under paragraph (2) must be an appropriate and proportional response to the infringement, having regard to all relevant circumstances, including:
前款的决定必须是考虑所有的相关情况后针对违法行为作出的适当的、符合比例的决定，相关情况包括：
(a) the purpose of the rule which has been infringed; 被违反的规则的目的
(b) the category of persons for whose protection the rule exists;该规则保护的人的范畴
(c) any sanction that may be imposed under the rule infringed;
被违反的规则可能施加的任何惩罚
(d) the seriousness of the infringement; 违法程度的严重性
(e) whether the infringement was intentional; and违法是否是故意；以及
(f) the closeness of the relationship between the infringement and the contract.
违法和合同之间关系的紧密程度
Article 15:103: Partial Ineffectiveness第15：103条 部分无效
(1) If only part of a contract is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102, the remaining part continues in effect unless, giving due consideration to all the circumstances of the case, it is unreasonable to uphold it.
如果根据第15：101和第15：102条合同只是部分无效，则合同其余部分依然有效，除非对该案件的所有情况予以适当的考虑认为维持合同是不合理的。
(2) Articles 15:104 and 15:105 apply, with appropriate adaptations, to a case of partial ineffectiveness.
经过适当的修改，第15：104条和第15：105条适用于合同的部分无效。
Article 15:104: Restitution第15：104条 返还原物
(1) When a contract is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102, either party may claim restitution of whatever that party has supplied under the contract, provided that, where appropriate, concurrent restitution is made of whatever has been received.
根据第15：101条或15：102条而无效的合同，已经根据合同作出给付的一方可以要求返还原物，只要其已经相应地返还自己之所得。
(2) When considering whether to grant restitution under paragraph (1), and what concurrent restitution, if any, would be appropriate, regard must be had to the factors referred to in Article 15:102(3).
在考虑是否允许前款之返还，以及如果有返还应如何返还才合理时，必须考虑第15：102条第三款列明的情形。
(3) An award of restitution may be refused to a party who knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
对于知道或者应当知道无效原因的当事人可以拒绝其要求对方返还的请求。
(4) If restitution cannot be made in kind for any reason, a reasonable sum must be paid for what has been received.
如果因为任何原因不能返还原物，必须对收取之物支付合理的价款。
Article 15:105: Damages第15：105条 损害赔偿
(1) A party to a contract which is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102 may recover from the other party damages putting the first party as nearly as possible into the same position as if the contract had not been concluded, provided that the other party knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
根据第15：101条或15：102条而被认定为无效的合同，假如对方知道或者应当知道无效的原因，则一方可获得使自己恢复到合同没有缔结时状态所受到的损害赔偿。
(2) When considering whether to award damages under paragraph (1), regard must be had to the factors referred to in Article 15:102(3).
在考虑是否允许前款之赔偿时，必须考虑第15：102条第三款规定的情形。
(3) An award of damages may be refused where the first party knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
在要求损害赔偿方知道或者应当知道无效的原因时，对方可以拒绝赔偿。
CHAPTER 16 Conditions第十六章 附条件之债
Article 16:101: Types of Condition 第16：101条 条件的类型
A contractual obligation may be made conditional upon the occurrence of an uncertain future event, so that the obligation takes effect only if the event occurs (suspensive condition) or comes to an end if the event occurs (resolutive condition).
合同义务可以取决于将来不确定事件的发生，故只有在事件发生时债务产生或者如果该事件发生债务消灭。
Article 16:102: Interference with Conditions第16：102条 对条件的干涉
(1) If fulfilment of a condition is prevented by a party, contrary to duties of good faith and fair dealing or co-operation, and if fulfilment would have operated to that party's disadvantage, the condition is deemed to be fulfilled.
如果一方违反诚实信用、公平交易或合作的原则阻碍条件的成就，并且若该条件成就即对该方不利，则视条件已经成就。
(2) If fulfilment of a condition is brought about by a party, contrary to duties of good faith and fair dealing or co-operation, and if fulfilment operates to that party's advantage, the condition is deemed not to be fulfilled.
如果一方违反诚实信用、公平交易或合作的原则促成条件的成就，并且若该条件成就即对该方有利，则视条件不成就。
Article 16:103: Effect of Conditions第16：103条 附条件的效力
(1) Upon fulfilment of a suspensive condition, the relevant obligation takes effect unless the parties otherwise agree.
延缓条件成就，相关的债务生效，除非双方另有约定。
(2) Upon fulfilment of a resolutive condition, the relevant obligation comes to an end unless the parties otherwise agree.
解除条件成就，相关的债务终止，除非双方另有约定。
CHAPTER 17 Capitalisation of Interest第十七章 利息本金化
Article 17:101: When Interest to be Added to Capital第17：101条 利息应记入本金
(1) Interest payable according to Article 9:508(1) is added to the outstanding capital every 12 months.
按照第第9：508条第一款应支付的利息每十二个月应记入未付清的本金之中。
(2) Paragraph (1) of this Article does not apply if the parties have provided for interest upon delay in payment.
如果双方就支付迟延利息有约定，前款不适用。
Article 10:101: Solidary, Separate and Communal Obligations
第10：101条 连带之债、按份之债和共同之债
(1) Obligations are solidary when all the debtors are bound to render one and the same performance and the creditor may require it from any one of them until full performance has been received.
数个债务人均负一个相同履行的债，且债权人在债务全部被履行之前可以请求任何一个债务人予以履行的债为连带之债。
(2) Obligations are separate when each debtor is bound to render only part of the performance and the creditor may require from each debtor only that debtor’s part.
每个债务人只负担部分债务，且债权人只能请求债务人履行其承担部分的债务的债为单独之债。
(3) An obligation is communal when all the debtors are bound to render the performance together and the creditor may require it only from all of them.
所有的债务人共同为履行行为，且债权人只能向所有人请求履行的债为共同之债。
Article 10:102: When Solidary Obligations Arise第10：102条 连带之债的产生
(1) If several debtors are bound to render one and the same performance to a creditor under the same contract, they are solidarily liable, unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
如果数个债务人在同一个合同中对债权人为一个相同的履行，他们之间负连带之债，除非合同或者法律另有规定。
(2) Solidary obligations also arise where several persons are liable for the same damage.
当数人对同一损害负责时也产生连带之债。
(3) The fact that the debtors are not liable on the same terms does not prevent their obligations from being solidary..
所有债务人并非以相同的条件承担责任不妨碍他们的债务成为连带之债。
Article 10:103: Liability under Separate Obligations第10：103条 单独之债的责任
Debtors bound by separate obligations are liable in equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
单独之债的债务人承担相同份额的责任，除非合同和法律另有规定。
Article 10:104: Communal Obligations: Special Rule when Money claimed for Non-performance
第10：104条 共同之债：因不履行而主张金钱赔偿的特殊规则
Notwithstanding Article 10:101(3), when money is claimed for non-performance of a communal obligation, the debtors are solidarily liable for payment to the creditor.
尽管第10：101条第三款有规定，但是在共同之债不履行时债权人请求金钱赔偿，债务人对债权人承担连带责任。
Article 10:105: Apportionment between Solidary Debtors
第10：105条 连带债务人之间的债务分配
(1) As between themselves, solidary debtors are liable in equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
在连带债务人内部各债务人承担相同份额的责任，除非合同或者法律另有规定。
(2) If two or more debtors are liable for the same damage under Article 10:102(2), their share of liability as between themselves is determined according to the law governing the event which gave rise to the liability.
如果根据第10：102条第二款的规定，两个或者多个债务人对同一个损害承担责任，其承担的份额由确定他们责任的法律予以规定。
Article 10:106: Recourse between solidary Debtors第10：106条 连带债务人之间的追索权
(1) A solidary debtor who has performed more than that debtor’s share may claim the excess from any of the other debtors to the extent of each debtor's unperformed share, together with a share of any costs reasonably incurred.
支付了超出自己应付份额的连带债务人得向其他债务人请求该债务人未付之份额，以及任何合理花费的相应部分。
(2) A solidary debtor to whom paragraph (1) applies may also, subject to any prior right and interest of the creditor, exercise the rights and actions of the creditor, including accessory securities, to recover the excess from any of the other debtors to the extent of each debtor’s unperformed share.
适用前款的连带债务人还可以依照债权人的优先权和优先利益，行使债权人的请求权和诉权，包括附属有价证券，来获取其为其他债务人未履行之份额所致的多余支出。
(3) If a solidary debtor who has performed more than that debtor’s share is unable, despite all reasonable efforts, to recover contribution from another solidary debtor, the share of the others, including the one who has performed, is increased proportionally.
如果在采取了各种合理措施之后，多履行了义务的连带债务人还是不能从其他连带债务人处获得其分摊的份额的，其他债务人包括已经履行了的债务人承担的份额都要适当地增加。
Article 10:107: Performance, Set-off and Merger in Solidary Obligations
第10：107条 连带之债的履行、抵销和混同
(1) Performance or set-off by a solidary debtor or set-off by the creditor against one solidary debtor discharges the other debtors in relation to the creditor to the extent of the performance or set-off.
一个连带债务人的履行或抵销，或债权人对某一个连带债务人的抵销，就履行或者抵销部分解除与该债权人相关的其他债务人的责任。
(2) Merger of debts between a solidary debtor and the creditor discharges the other debtors only for the share of the debtor concerned.
一个连带债务人和债权人债务的混同，只就该债务人份额解除其他债务人的责任。
Article 10:108: Release or Settlement in Solidary Obligations
第10：108条 连带之债的免除和清偿
(1) When the creditor releases, or reaches a settlement with, one solidary debtor, the other debtors are discharged of liability for the share of that debtor.
当债权人对连带债务中的一个债务人免除债务或获得清偿，其他债务人就该债务人的份额解除责任。
(2) The debtors are totally discharged by the release or settlement if it so provides.
如果有规定，所有的债务人因该免除或者清偿而被免除所有责任。
(3) As between solidary debtors, the debtor who is discharged from that debtor’s share is discharged only to the extent of the share at the time of the discharge and not from any supplementary share for which that debtor may subsequently become liable under Article 10:106(3).
在连带债务人内部，被免除责任的债务人只免除当时被免除的份额，而不包括第10：106条第三款可能承担的补充部分。
Article 10:109: Effect of Judgment in Solidary Obligations第10：109条 连带之债判决的效力
A decision by a court as to the liability to the creditor of one solidary debtor does not affect:
法庭关于某个连带债务人对债权人责任的判决不影响：
(a) the liability to the creditor of the other solidary debtors; or
其他连带债务人对该债权人的责任，或者
(b) the rights of recourse between the solidary debtors under Article 10:106.
第10：106条规定的连带债务人之间的追索权。
Article 10:110: Prescription in Solidary Obligations第10：110条 连带之债的时效
Prescription of the creditor’s right to performance ("claim") against one solidary debtor does not affect:
债权人对一个连带债务人请求履行的权利之时效不影响：
(a) the liability to the creditor of the other solidary debtors; or
其他连带债务人对债权人的责任；或者
(b) the rights of recourse between the solidary debtors under Article 10:106.
第10：106条规定的连带债务人之间的追索权。
Article 10:111: Opposability of other Defences in Solidary Obligations
第10：111条 连带之债中其他抗辩的对抗
(1) A solidary debtor may invoke against the creditor any defence which another solidary debtor can invoke, other than a defence personal to that other debtor. Invoking the defence has no effect with regard to the other solidary debtors.
除可行使自己对债权人享有的抗辩外，连带债务人同样可以对债权人行使其他连带债务人的所有抗辩。抗辩的行使对其他连带债务人不发生效力。
(2) A debtor from whom contribution is claimed may invoke against the claimant any personal defence that that debtor could have invoked against the creditor.
被请求分摊连带债务的债务人可以向请求的一方行使任何其针对于债权人的抗辩
Section 2 : Plurality of creditors第二节 多数债权人
Article 10:201: Solidary, Separate and Communal Claims
第10：201条 连带、单独和共同债权
(1) Claims are solidary when any of the creditors may require full performance from the debtor and when the debtor may render performance to any of the creditors.
数个债权人均可请求债务人完全履行债务，且债务人可以向任何一个债权人为履行的债权为连带债权。
(2) Claims are separate when the debtor owes each creditor only that creditor’s share of the claim and each creditor may require performance only of that creditor’s share.
债务人对每个债权人只付其相应的份额，且每个债权人只能请求债务人为其相应份额之履行的债权为单独债权。
(3) A claim is communal when the debtor must perform to all the creditors and any creditor may require performance only for the benefit of all.
债务人必须向所有的债权人履行，且任何债权人只能为所有债权人之利益而请求履行的债权为共同债权。
Article 10:202: Apportionment of Separate Claims第10：202条 单独债权的分配
Separate creditors are entitled to equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
每个单独债权人享有相同的份额，除非合同或者法律另有规定。
Article 10:203: Difficulties of executing a Communal Claim
第10：203条 执行共同债权的困难
If one of the creditors in a communal claim refuses, or is unable to receive, the performance, the debtor may discharge the obligation to perform by depositing the property or money with a third party according to Articles 7:110 or 7:111 of the Principles.
如果共同债权人中的一人拒绝或者不能接受履行，债务人可以根据本通则第7：110条或者第7：111条通过第三方提存财产或者金钱免除责任。
Article 10:204: Apportionment of Solidary Claims第10：204条 连带债权的分配
(1) Solidary creditors are entitled to equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
连带债权人享有相同的份额，除非合同或者法律另有规定。
(2) A creditor who has received more than that creditor’s share must transfer the excess to the other creditors to the extent of their respective shares.
接受了超出自己份额的债权人必须将超出部分转移给其他的债权人。
Article 10:205: Regime of solidary Claims第10：205条连带债权的范围
(1) A release granted to the debtor by one of the solidary creditors has no effect on the other solidary creditors
一个连带债权人对债务人债务的免除对其他连带债权人没有效力。
(2) The rules of Articles 10:107, 10:109, 10:110 and 10:111(1) apply, with appropriate adaptations, to solidary claims.
本通则第138条、第140条、第141条和第142条经过适当的修改适用于连带债权。
CHAPTER 11 Assignment of Claims第十一章 债权转让
Section 1: General Principles第一节 一般原则
Article 11:101: Scope of Chapter第11：101条 本章适用范围
(1) This Chapter applies to the assignment by agreement of a right to performance ("claim") under an existing or future contract.
本章适用于现在或者将来的合同中关于债权的转让协议。
(2) Except where otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, this Chapter also applies to the assignment by agreement of other transferable claims.
除另有规定或者上下文另有要求，本章也适用于其他可转让债权的转让协议。
(3) This Chapter does not apply: 本章不适用于：
(a) to the transfer of a financial instrument or investment security where, under the law otherwise applicable, such transfer must be by entry in a register maintained by or for the issuer; or
金融文据或者投资证券的转让，在其他的法律规定下，该转让必须由发行人或者为发行人保存的登记；或者
(b) to the transfer of a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument or of a negotiable security or a document of title to goods where, under the law otherwise applicable, such transfer must be by delivery (with any necessary indorsement).
汇票或者其他流通票据或者流通的有价证券或者货物所有权凭证的转让，在其他法律的规定下，该转让必须带有任何必要的背书。
(4) In this Chapter "assignment" includes an assignment by way of security.
本章中的“转让”包括作为担保的转让。
(5) This Chapter also applies, with appropriate adaptations, to the granting by agreement of a right in security over a claim otherwise than by assignment.
经过适当的修改，本章还适用于通过债权担保而不是通过转让的权利的协议。
Article 11:102: Contractual Claims Generally Assignabl
第11：102条 合同债权一般可以转让
(1) Subject to Articles 11:301 and 11:302, a party to a contract may assign a claim under it.
根据第11：301条和11：302条，合同一方当事人可以转让债权。
(2) A future claim arising under an existing or future contract may be assigned if at the time when it comes into existence, or at such other time as the parties agree, it can be identified as the claim to which the assignment relates.
现在或者将来合同中产生的将来债权可以转让，如果在其出现或者当事人同意的其他这样的时候，该债权可以被认定为转让涉及的债权。
Article 11:103: Partial Assignment第11：103条 部分转让
A claim which is divisible may be assigned in part, but the assignor is liable to the debtor for any increased costs which the debtor thereby incurs.
可分之债权可以部分转让，但是转让人对于债务人可能由此而增加的任何费用负责。
Article 11:104: Form of Assignment第11：104条 转让的形式
An assignment need not be in writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
转让不必用书面形式或者遵守其他关于形式的要求。转让可以用任何手段来举证，包括证人证言。
Section 2: Effects of Assignment As Between Assignor and Assignee
第二节 转让人和受让人之间的转让效力
Article 11:201: Rights Transferred to Assignee第11：201条 转让给受让人的权利
(1) The assignment of a claim transfers to the assignee: 转让给受让人的权力：
(a) all the assignor's rights to performance in respect of the claim assigned; and
被转让债权中转让所有人所有的履行请求权：和
(b) all accessory rights securing such performance. 保证该履行的所有附加权利。
(2)Where the assignment of a claim under a contract is associated with the substitution of the assignee as debtor in respect of any obligation owed by the assignor under the same contract, this Article takes effect subject to Article 12:201.
如果根据合同对债权的转让与受让人根据同一合同代替转让人成为债务人并承担转让人所有债务相联系，那么本条根据第12：201条生效。
Article 11:202: When Assignment Takes Effect第11：202条 转让生效的时间
(1) An assignment of an existing claim takes effect at the time of the agreement to assign or such later time as the assignor and assignee agree.
现存债权的转让于转让协议达成或者转让人和受让人后来同意的时候开始生效。
(2)An assignment of a future claim is dependent upon the assigned claim coming into existence but thereupon takes effect from the time of the agreement to assign or such later time as the assignor and assignee agree.
将来债权的转让取决于转让债权的产生，但是从同意转让的时间或者转让人和受让人后来同意的时候开始生效。
Article 11:203: Preservation of Assignee’s Rights Against Assignor
第11：203条 受让人对转让人权利的保留
An assignment is effective as between the assignor and assignee, and entitles the assignee to whatever the assignor receives from the debtor, even if it is ineffective against the debtor under Article 11:301 or 11:302.
即使根据第11：301条和第11：302条转让对于债务人无效，转让人和受让人之间的转让仍然有效，且受让人可以取得转让人自债务人处所接受的全部。
Article 11:204: Undertakings by Assignor第11：204条 转让人的保证
By assigning or purporting to assign a claim the assignor undertakes to the assignee that:
通过转让或者声称转让债权，转让人对受让人保证：
(a) at the time when the assignment is to take effect the following conditions will be satisfied except as otherwise disclosed to the assignee:
除了向受让人另有说明，转让生效时必须满足以下情形，
(i) the assignor has the right to assign the claim; 转让人有权转让债权；
(ii) the claim exists and the assignee's rights are not affected by any defences or rights (including any right of set-off) which the debtor might have against the assignor; and
债权存在，并且受让人的权利不会被债务人可能对转让人行使的任何抗辩或者请求权（任何抵销权）影响；以及
(iii) the claim is not subject to any prior assignment or right in security in favour of any other party or to any other incumbrance;
债权没有任何在先的转让或者为其他任何人所做的担保或者其他的障碍。
(b) the claim and any contract under which it arises will not be modified without the consent of the assignee unless the modification is provided for in the assignment agreement or is one which is made in good faith and is of a nature to which the assignee could not reasonably object; and
债权和任何根据债权产生的合同不会在未经受让人同意的情况下变更，除非在转让合同中规定了做出该修改，或者该修改是出于善意并且该修改的性质是受让人不会合理反对的；以及
(c) the assignor will transfer to the assignee all transferable rights intended to secure performance which are not accessory rights.
为了确保非附属性的权利得以实现，转让人应将所有可转让的权利转移给受让人。
Section 3: Effects of Assignment As Between Assignee and Debtor
第三节 转让在受让人和债务人之间的效力
Article 11:301: Contractual Prohibition of Assignment第11：301条 合同禁止转让
(1) An assignment which is prohibited by or is otherwise not in conformity with the contract under which the assigned claim arises is not effective against the debtor unless:
合同禁止转让或者转让与该合同的规定不一致的，转让对债务人无效，除非：
(a) the debtor has consented to it; or债务人同意；或者
(b) the assignee neither knew nor ought to have known of the non-conformity; or
受让人不知道或者不应当知道这种不一致；或者
(c) the assignment is made under a contract for the assignment of future rights to payment of money.
转让是在转让将来金钱支付权利的合同中确定的。
(2) Nothing in the preceding paragraph affects the assignor's liability for the non-conformity.
前款的规定不影响转让人对与合同的不一致应负的责任。
Article 11:302: Other Ineffective Assignments第11：302条 其他无效转让
An assignment to which the debtor has not consented is ineffective against the debtor so far as it relates to a performance which the debtor, by reason of the nature of the performance or the relationship of the debtor and the assignor, could not reasonably be required to render to anyone except the assignor.
只要与转让有关的履行由于其性质或者债务人和转让人之间的关系不能合理地要求债务人向除转让人之外的任何人来履行，债务人不同意转让的，转让对债务人无效。
Article 11:303: Effect on Debtor's Obligation第11：303条 对债务人债务的效力
(1) Subject to Articles 11:301, 11:302, 11:307 and 11:308, the debtor is bound to perform in favour of the assignee if and only if the debtor has received a notice in writing from the assignor or the assignee which reasonably identifies the claim which has been assigned and requires the debtor to give performance to the assignee.
根据第11：301条、第11：302条、第11：307条和第11：308条的规定，在且仅在债务人收到转让人的书面通知或者受让人合理地证明债权已被转让并要求债务人对受让人予以履行时，债务人才对受让人进行履行。
(2) However, if such notice is given by the assignee, the debtor may within a reasonable time request the assignee to provide reliable evidence of the assignment, pending which the debtor may withhold performance.
然而，如果转让通知是受让人提出的，债务人可以在合理时间内要求受让人提供转让的合理证据，在此之前债务人可以拒绝履行。
(3) Where the debtor has acquired knowledge of the assignment otherwise than by a notice conforming to paragraph (1), the debtor may either withhold performance from or give performance to the assignee.
债务人获得了与第一款中通知不同的转让信息后，可以拒绝向受让人履行或者向受让人履行。
(4) Where the debtor gives performance to the assignor, the debtor is discharged if and only if the performance is given without knowledge of the assignment.
债务人向转让人履行的，在且仅在履行是不知转让的情况下作出时，债务人责任得以免除。
Article 11:304: Protection of Debtor第11：304条 对债务人的保护
A debtor who performs in favour of a person identified as assignee in a notice of assignment under Article 11:303 is discharged unless the debtor could not have been unaware that such person was not the person entitled to performance.
债务人根据第11：303条按照转让通知中确定的受让人家一履行后，其债务得以免除，除非债务人不可能不知道该人是不具有领受履行资格的人。
Article 11:305: Competing Demands第11：305条 竞争性要求
A debtor who has received notice of two or more competing demands for performance may discharge liability by conforming to the law of the due place of performance, or, if the performances are due in different places, the law applicable to the claim.
债务人收到两个或者多个关于履行冲突的要求时，通过依照适当履行地法律解除债务或者如果履行在不同的地点都是适当的，通过遵照债权地法律解除债务。
Article 11:306: Place of Performance第11：306条 履行地点
(1) Where the assigned claim relates to an obligation to pay money at a particular place, the assignee may require payment at any place within the same country or, if that country is a Member State of the European Union, at any place within the European Union, but the assignor is liable to the debtor for any increased costs which the debtor incurs by reason of any change in the place of performance.
如果转让的债权是在某个特定地点支付金钱，受让人可以要求在同一国家的任何地方作为履行地点或者，如果该国是欧盟成员国，可以要求在欧盟任何地方履行，但是转让人承担因为改变履行地点而增加的任何费用。
(2) Where the assigned claim relates to a non-monetary obligation to be performed at a particular place, the assignee may not require performance at any other place.
如果转让的债权是关于在某个特定地点的非金钱债务，受让人不得要求在其他地点为履行。
Article 11:307: Defences and Rights of Set-Off第11：307条 抗辩和抵销的权利
(1) The debtor may set up against the assignee all substantive and procedural defences to the assigned claim which the debtor could have used against the assignor.
债务人可以就转让的债权向受让人提出所有能够对抗转让人的实体抗辩和程序抗辩。
(2) The debtor may also assert against the assignee all rights of set-off which would have been available against the assignor under Chapter 13 in respect of any claim against the assignor:
债务人可以向受让人主张抵销，如果该权利是根据第十三章债务人所享有的针对于转让人的权利：
(a) existing at the time when a notice of assignment, whether or not conforming to Article 11:303(1), reaches the debtor; or
在转让通知到达债务人时存在，无论该通知是否与第11：303条第一款相符；或
(b) closely connected with the assigned claim. 紧密地与受让的债权相联系。
Article 11:308: Unauthorised Modification not Binding on Assignee
第11：308条 未经授权的修改不约束受让人
A modification of the claim made by agreement between the assignor and the debtor, without the consent of the assignee, after a notice of assignment, whether or not conforming to Article 11:303(1), reaches the debtor does not affect the rights of the assignee against the debtor unless the modification is provided for in the assignment agreement or is one which is made in good faith and is of a nature to which the assignee could not reasonably object.
转让人和债务人之间通过协议对债权的修改，没有受让人的同意，无论该修改是否符合第11：303条第一款的规定，在转让通知到达债务人之后，不影响受让人对债务人的权利，除非该修改在转让合同中有规定或者该修改是出于善意并且该修改的性质是受让人不能合理地加以反对的。
Section 4: Order of Priority between Assignee and Competing Claimants
第四节 受让人和对抗性请求人之间的优先权的顺序
Article 11:401: Priorities第11：401条 优先权
(1) Where there are successive assignments of the same claim, the assignee whose assignment is first notified to the debtor has priority over any earlier assignee if at the time of the later assignment the assignee under that assignment neither knew nor ought to have known of the earlier assignment.
如果同一个债权有连续的转让，如果在后的受让人在受让时不知道或者不应知道有在先的转让，就转让第一个对债务人进行通知的受让人享有优先于其他在先受让人的权利。
(2) Subject to paragraph (1), the priority of successive assignments, whether of existing or future claims, is determined by the order in which they are made.
根据第一款，现在或将来的债权连续转让中的优先权，由转让的顺序决定。
(3) The assignee’s interest in the assigned claim has priority over the interest of a creditor of the assignor who attaches that claim, whether by judicial process or otherwise, after the time the assignment has taken effect under Article 11:202.
转让根据第11：202条生效之后，无论是通过司法程序或者其他程序，受让人在受让债权上的利益优先于转让人之债权人对该债权的利益。
(4) In the event of the assignor's bankruptcy, the assignee's interest in the assigned claim has priority over the interest of the assignor's insolvency administrator and creditors, subject to any rules of the law applicable to the bankruptcy relating to:
在转让人破产时，根据以下与破产相关的法律，受让人在受让债权上的利益优先于转让人破产管理人和破产债权人
(a) publicity required as a condition of such priority; 此种优先权情形的公开
(b) the ranking of claims; or债权的等级；或者
(c) the avoidance or ineffectiveness of transactions in the bankruptcy proceedings.
破产程序中交易的撤销或者无效
CHAPTER12 Substitution of New Debtor: Transfer of Contract
第十二章 新的相务人的替代：合同的技移
Section 1: Substitution of New Debtor第一节 新的债务人的替代
Article 12:101: Substitution: General rules第12：101条 替代：一般规则
(1) A third person may undertake with the agreement of the debtor and the creditor to be substituted as debtor, with the effect that the original debtor is discharged.
第三方可以根据债务人和债权人之间的协议替代成为债务人，原债务人之债务即被解除。
(2) A creditor may agree in advance to a future substitution. In such a case the substitution takes effect only when the creditor is given notice by the new debtor of the agreement between the new and the original debtor.
债权人可以事先同意将来的债务人的替代。在此种情形下，只有在新债务人将新旧债务人之间的协议通知债权人时该替代才生效。
Article 12:102: Effects of Substitution on Defences and Securities
第12：102条 关于抗辩和担保的替代效力
(1) The new debtor cannot invoke against the creditor any rights or defences arising from the relationship between the new debtor and the original debtor.
新旧债务人之间的任何权利或者抗辩不得对抗债权人。
(2) The discharge of the original debtor also extends to any security of the original debtor given to the creditor for the performance of the obligation, unless the security is over an asset which is transferred to the new debtor as part of a transaction between the original and the new debtor.
原债务人债务的解除也及于原债务人对债务的履行提供给债权人的任何担保，除非该担保是作为原债务人和新债务人交易中的一部分所转让的财产。
(3) Upon discharge of the original debtor, a security granted by any person other than the new debtor for the performance of the obligation is released, unless that other person agrees that it should continue to be available to the creditor.
基于原债务人债务的解除，新债务人之外任何第三人为原债务的履行而提供的担保也相应地解除，除非该第三人同意继续担保。
(4) The new debtor may invoke against the creditor all defences which the original debtor could have invoked against the creditor.
新债务人享有原债务人得对抗债权人的任何抗辩。
Section 2: Transfer of Contract第二节 合同的移转
Article 12:201: Transfer of Contract第12：201条 合同的转移
(1) A party to a contract may agree with a third person that that person is to be substituted as the contracting party. In such a case the substitution takes effect only where, as a result of the other party’s assent, the first party is discharged.
合同当事人一方可以同意第三方替代其成为合同当事人。在此种情形下，合同另一方当事人同意之后替代才生效，被替代的一方的合同责任即被解除。
(2) To the extent that the substitution of the third person as a contracting party involves a transfer of rights to performance ("claims"), the provisions of Chapter 11 apply; to the extent that obligations are transferred, the provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter apply.
在第三方成为合同当事人时，涉及债权移转的，适用第十一章的规定；涉及债务移转的，适用本章第一节的规定。
CHAPTER 13 Set-Off第十三章 抵销
Article 13:101: Requirements for Set-Off第13：101条 抵销的条件
If two parties owe each other obligations of the same kind, either party may set off that party’s right to performance ("claim") against the other party's claim, if and to the extent that, at the time of set-off, the first party:
如果双方互负同种类的债务，任何一方可以用自己的债权抵销对方的债权，在抵销时，如果并在此范围内抵销方：
(a) is entitled to effect performance; and有权实现自己的履行。
(b) may demand the other party's performance. 可以要求对方的履行。
Article 13:102: Unascertained Claims第13：102条 不确定的债权
(1) A debtor may not set off a claim which is unascertained as to its existence or value unless the set-off will not prejudice the interests of the other party.
除非抵销不影响对方的利益，否则债务人不得抵销存在不确定或者价值不确定的债权。
(2) Where the claims of both parties arise from the same legal relationship it is presumed that the other party's interests will not be prejudiced.
如果双方的债权源自同一法律关系，推定抵销不会影响对方的利益。
Article 13:103: Foreign Currency Set-Off第13：103条 外币抵销
Where parties owe each other money in different currencies, each party may set off that party’s claim against the other party's claim, unless the parties have agreed that the party declaring set-off is to pay exclusively in a specified currency.
如果双方以不同货币互负金钱债务，每一方可以抵销对方的债权，除非双方已达成协议提出抵销的一方必须以特定的货币履行其债务。
Article 13:104: Notice of Set-Off第13：104条 抵销通知
he right of set-off is exercised by notice to the other party.
抵销权以向对方发出通知的方式行使。
Article 13:105: Plurality of Claims and Obligations第13：105条 多个债权和债务
(1) Where the party giving notice of set-off has two or more claims against the other party, the notice is effective only if it identifies the claim to which it relates.
如果发出抵销通知的一方对对方有两个或者多个的债权，抵销通知只对在通知中明确指明抵销的某个债权生效。
(2) Where the party giving notice of set-off has to perform two or more obligations towards the other party, the rules in Article 7:109 apply with appropriate adaptations.
如果发出抵销通知的一方要向对方履行两个或者多个的债务，第7：109条经过适当修改可以适用。
Article 13:106: Effect of Set-Off第13：106条 抵销的效力
Set-off discharges the obligations, as far as they are coextensive, as from the time of notice.
如果债务范围相同，自发出抵销通知时，抵销解除债务。
Article 13:107: Exclusion of Right of Set-Off第13：107条 抵销权的排除
Set-off cannot be effected: 以下情形抵销不能生效：
(a) where it is excluded by agreement; 协议排除抵销；
(b) against a claim to the extent that that claim is not capable of attachment; and
被抵销的权利无法产生；并且
(c) against a claim arising from a deliberate wrongful act.
被抵销的权利是故意的不法行为的结果。
CHAPTER 14 Prescription第十四章 时效
Section 1: General Provision第一节 一般规定
Article 14:101: Claims subject to Prescription第14：101条 债权的时效
A right to performance of an obligation ("claim") is subject to prescription by the expiry of a period of time in accordance with these Principles.
请求履行债务的权利所遵从的时效是指根据本通则规定的某段时间的经过。
Section 2: Periods of Prescription and their Commencement第二节 时效期间及其起算点
Article 14:201: General Period第14：201条 一般期间
The general period of prescription is three years. 时效的一般期间为三年。
Article 14:202: Period for a Claim Established by Legal Proceedings
第14：202条 法定程序规定的请求期间
(1) The period of prescription for a claim established by judgment is ten years.
由判决确定的债权，时效期间为十年。
(2) The same applies to a claim established by an arbitral award or other instrument which is enforceable as if it were a judgment.
仲裁裁决或者其他类似判决的有强制执行力的法律文件规定的债权也适用十年规定。
Article 14:203: Commencement第14：203条 起算
(1) The general period of prescription begins to run from the time when the debtor has to effect performance or, in the case of a right to damages, from the time of the act which gives rise to the claim.
一般时效开始于债务人必须履行债务之时，或者，如果是在损害赔偿的请求中，从产生请求赔偿的行为发生时起算。
(2) Where the debtor is under a continuing obligation to do or refrain from doing something, the general period of prescription begins to run with each breach of the obligation.
如果债务人有持续义务为或不为某事，一般的时效期间开始于每次对义务的违反。
(3) The period of prescription set out in Article 14:202 begins to run from the time when the judgment or arbitral award obtains the effect of res judicata, or the other instrument becomes enforceable, though not before the debtor has to effect performance.
第14：202条确定的诉讼期间开始于判决或者仲裁裁决取得既判案件结果之时，或者其他法律文件可执行之时，但不早于债务人必须履行债务之时。
Section 3: Extension of Period第三节 期间的延长
Article 14:301: Suspension in Case of Ignorance第14：301条 因不知情而中止
The running of the period of prescription is suspended as long as the creditor does not know of, and could not reasonably know of:
只要债权人不知道或者不能合理地知道以下情况，时效中止：
(a) the identity of the debtor; or债务人的身份；或者
(b) the facts giving rise to the claim including, in the case of a right to damages, the type of damage.
产生请求权的事实，包括在产生损害赔偿请求权的情况下损害的种类。
Article 14:302: Suspension in Case of Judicial and Other Proceedings
第14：302条 因司法或其他程序而中止
(1) The running of the period of prescription is suspended from the time when judicial proceedings on the claim are begun.
自关于该债权的司法程序开始起，时效期间的计算中止。
(2) Suspension lasts until a decision has been made which has the effect of res judicata, or until the case has been otherwise disposed of.
中止持续到判决生效或者用其他的方法结束案件。
(3) These provisions apply, with appropriate adaptations, to arbitration proceedings and to all other proceedings initiated with the aim of obtaining an instrument which is enforceable as if it were a judgment.
经适当的修改，这些规则适用于仲裁程序和其他一切为了取得类似判决的有强制执行力的法律文件而发动的其他程序。
Article 14:303: Suspension in Case of Impediment beyond Creditor's Control
第14：303条 因债权人的控制之外的障碍而中止
(1) The running of the period of prescription is suspended as long as the creditor is prevented from pursuing the claim by an impediment which is beyond the creditor’s control and which the creditor could not reasonably have been expected to avoid or overcome.
只要因债权人控制之外的障碍而阻止其主张债权的，且该障碍是债权人不能合理预见并不能避免或者克服的，时效期间的计算中止。
(2) Paragraph (1) applies only if the impediment arises, or subsists, within the last six months of the prescription period.
障碍的发生或存在是在时效期间的最后6个月内，才适用前款。
Article 14:304: Postponement of Expiry in Case of Negotiations
第14：304条 因协商而推迟时效届满
If the parties negotiate about the claim, or about circumstances from which a claim might arise, the period of prescription does not expire before one year has passed since the last communication made in the negotiations.
如果双方协商了债权或者债权可能产生的情形，在最后一次协商的一年之内时效期间不届满。
Article 14:305: Postponement of Expiry in Case of Incapacity
第14：3O5条 因丧失行为能力而推迟到期时间
(1) If a person subject to an incapacity is without a representative, the period of prescription of a claim held by or against that person does not expire before one year has passed after either the incapacity has ended or a representative has been appointed.
如果丧失行为能力的人没有代理人，该无行为能力人的债权或对其行使债权的时效期间在无行为能力状态结束或者指定代理人之后的一年内不届满。
(2) The period of prescription of claims between a person subject to an incapacity and that person’s representative does not expire before one year has passed after either the incapacity has ended or a new representative has been appointed.
在无行为能力人和其代理人之间的债权时效期间在无行为能力状态结束或者指定代理人之后的一年内时效不届满。
Article 14:306: Postponement of Expiry: Deceased’s Estate
第14：306条 时效期间届满的推迟：死者的不动产
Where the creditor or debtor has died, the period of prescription of a claim held by or against the deceased’s estate does not expire before one year has passed after the claim can be enforced by or against an heir, or by or against a representative of the estate.
如果债权人或者债务人死亡，该死者的不动产债权或者对其行使的不动产债权在债权能够对由其继承人或者对其继承人行使、由其代理人或者对其代理人行使的一年之内，
诉讼时效期间不届满。
Article 14:307: Maximum Length of Period第14：307条 最长期间
The period of prescription cannot be extended, by suspension of its running or postponement of its expiry under these Principles, to more than ten years or, in case of claims for personal injuries, to more than thirty years. This does not apply to suspension under Article 14:302.
按本通则规定通过诉讼时效的终止或者推迟其届满时间而延长的诉讼时效不得超过十年；在人身伤害的案件中，不超过三十年。本条不适用于本通则第14：302条中规定的
时效中止。
Section 4: Renewal of Periods第四节 期限的重新计算
Article 14:401: Renewal by Acknowledgement 第14：401条 因承认而重新计算
(1) If the debtor acknowledges the claim, vis-à-vis the creditor, by part payment, payment of interest, giving of security, or in any other manner, a new period of prescription begins to run.
如果债务人对债权人，或债权人对债务人，通过部分支付、支付利息、提供担保或者用其他的方法承认债权，新的诉讼时效开始起算。
(2) The new period is the general period of prescription, regardless of whether the claim was originally subject to the general period of prescription or the ten year period under Article 14:202. In the latter case, however, this Article does not operate so as to shorten the ten year period.
不管这个债权原来是遵守一般的诉讼时效期间还是根据第14：202条十年的时效规定，新的期间为一般诉讼时效。然而，在后一种情况，为缩短十年的期间，本条不生效。
Article 14:402: Renewal by Attempted Execution第14：402条 因试图执行而重新计算
The ten year period of prescription laid down in Article 14:202 begins to run again with each reasonable attempt at execution undertaken by the creditor.
第14：202条 规定的十年时效因债权人每一次采取合理的执行措施而开始重新计算。
Section 5: Effects of Prescription第五节 诉讼时效的效力
Article 14:501: General Effect第14：501条 一般效力
(1) After expiry of the period of prescription the debtor is entitled to refuse performance.
在诉讼时效期间届满后，债务人有权拒绝履行。
(2) Whatever has been performed in order to discharge a claim may not be reclaimed merely because the period of prescription had expired.
任何为了解除债务而为的履行不得因为超过诉讼时效而要求返还。
Article 14:502: Effect on Ancillary Claims第14：502条 附属债权的效力
The period of prescription for a right to payment of interest, and other claims of an ancillary nature, expires not later than the period for the principal claim.
请求支付利息和其他有附属性质的债权的诉讼时效不晚于主债权的时效。
Article 14:503: Effect on Set-Off第14：503条 抵销的效力
A claim in relation to which the period of prescription has expired may nonetheless be set off, unless the debtor has invoked prescription previously or does so within two months of notification of set-off.
但是，已经经过诉讼时效的债权可以被抵销，除非债务人在先前已提出诉讼时效作为抗辩，或者在收到抵销通知的两个月内进行抗辩。
Section 6: Modification by Agreement第六节 通过协议修改
Article 14:601: Agreements Concerning Prescription
第14：601条 关于诉讼时效的协议
(1) The requirements for prescription may be modified by agreement between the parties, in particular by either shortening or lengthening the periods of prescription.
诉讼时效的规定可以通过双方的协议加以变更，特别是缩短或者延长诉讼时效期间。
(2) The period of prescription may not, however, be reduced to less than one year or extended to more than thirty years after the time of commencement set out in Article 14:203.
但是诉讼时效在第14：203条规定开始起算之后不能减少至少于一年或是增加至超过三十年。
CHAPTER 15 Illegality第十五章 违法行为
Article 15:101: Contracts Contrary to Fundamental Principles
第15：101条 违反基本原则的合同
A contract is of no effect to the extent that it is contrary to principles recognised as fundamental in the laws of the Member States of the European Union.
违反欧盟成员国法律基本原则的合同无效。
Article 15:102: Contracts Infringing Mandatory Rules第15：102条 违反强制性规则的合同
(1) Where a contract infringes a mandatory rule of law applicable under Article 1:103 of these Principles, the effects of that infringement upon the contract are the effects, if any, expressly prescribed by that mandatory rule.
如果合同违反了第1：103条下适用法律的强制性规则，合同违反该项法律的后果就是该法明确规定的法律后果。
(2) Where the mandatory rule does not expressly prescribe the effects of an infringement upon a contract, the contract may be declared to have full effect, to have some effect, to have no effect, or to be subject to modification.
如果强制性规则没有明确地指出违反法律的合同的效力，合同可能被认为有完整的效力、有部分效力、无效、或者要求对合同进行修改。
(3) A decision reached under paragraph (2) must be an appropriate and proportional response to the infringement, having regard to all relevant circumstances, including:
前款的决定必须是考虑所有的相关情况后针对违法行为作出的适当的、符合比例的决定，相关情况包括：
(a) the purpose of the rule which has been infringed; 被违反的规则的目的
(b) the category of persons for whose protection the rule exists;该规则保护的人的范畴
(c) any sanction that may be imposed under the rule infringed;
被违反的规则可能施加的任何惩罚
(d) the seriousness of the infringement; 违法程度的严重性
(e) whether the infringement was intentional; and违法是否是故意；以及
(f) the closeness of the relationship between the infringement and the contract.
违法和合同之间关系的紧密程度
Article 15:103: Partial Ineffectiveness第15：103条 部分无效
(1) If only part of a contract is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102, the remaining part continues in effect unless, giving due consideration to all the circumstances of the case, it is unreasonable to uphold it.
如果根据第15：101和第15：102条合同只是部分无效，则合同其余部分依然有效，除非对该案件的所有情况予以适当的考虑认为维持合同是不合理的。
(2) Articles 15:104 and 15:105 apply, with appropriate adaptations, to a case of partial ineffectiveness.
经过适当的修改，第15：104条和第15：105条适用于合同的部分无效。
Article 15:104: Restitution第15：104条 返还原物
(1) When a contract is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102, either party may claim restitution of whatever that party has supplied under the contract, provided that, where appropriate, concurrent restitution is made of whatever has been received.
根据第15：101条或15：102条而无效的合同，已经根据合同作出给付的一方可以要求返还原物，只要其已经相应地返还自己之所得。
(2) When considering whether to grant restitution under paragraph (1), and what concurrent restitution, if any, would be appropriate, regard must be had to the factors referred to in Article 15:102(3).
在考虑是否允许前款之返还，以及如果有返还应如何返还才合理时，必须考虑第15：102条第三款列明的情形。
(3) An award of restitution may be refused to a party who knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
对于知道或者应当知道无效原因的当事人可以拒绝其要求对方返还的请求。
(4) If restitution cannot be made in kind for any reason, a reasonable sum must be paid for what has been received.
如果因为任何原因不能返还原物，必须对收取之物支付合理的价款。
Article 15:105: Damages第15：105条 损害赔偿
(1) A party to a contract which is rendered ineffective under Articles 15:101 or 15:102 may recover from the other party damages putting the first party as nearly as possible into the same position as if the contract had not been concluded, provided that the other party knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
根据第15：101条或15：102条而被认定为无效的合同，假如对方知道或者应当知道无效的原因，则一方可获得使自己恢复到合同没有缔结时状态所受到的损害赔偿。
(2) When considering whether to award damages under paragraph (1), regard must be had to the factors referred to in Article 15:102(3).
在考虑是否允许前款之赔偿时，必须考虑第15：102条第三款规定的情形。
(3) An award of damages may be refused where the first party knew or ought to have known of the reason for the ineffectiveness.
在要求损害赔偿方知道或者应当知道无效的原因时，对方可以拒绝赔偿。
CHAPTER 16 Conditions第十六章 附条件之债
Article 16:101: Types of Condition 第16：101条 条件的类型
A contractual obligation may be made conditional upon the occurrence of an uncertain future event, so that the obligation takes effect only if the event occurs (suspensive condition) or comes to an end if the event occurs (resolutive condition).
合同义务可以取决于将来不确定事件的发生，故只有在事件发生时债务产生或者如果该事件发生债务消灭。
Article 16:102: Interference with Conditions第16：102条 对条件的干涉
(1) If fulfilment of a condition is prevented by a party, contrary to duties of good faith and fair dealing or co-operation, and if fulfilment would have operated to that party's disadvantage, the condition is deemed to be fulfilled.
如果一方违反诚实信用、公平交易或合作的原则阻碍条件的成就，并且若该条件成就即对该方不利，则视条件已经成就。
(2) If fulfilment of a condition is brought about by a party, contrary to duties of good faith and fair dealing or co-operation, and if fulfilment operates to that party's advantage, the condition is deemed not to be fulfilled.
如果一方违反诚实信用、公平交易或合作的原则促成条件的成就，并且若该条件成就即对该方有利，则视条件不成就。
Article 16:103: Effect of Conditions第16：103条 附条件的效力
(1) Upon fulfilment of a suspensive condition, the relevant obligation takes effect unless the parties otherwise agree.
延缓条件成就，相关的债务生效，除非双方另有约定。
(2) Upon fulfilment of a resolutive condition, the relevant obligation comes to an end unless the parties otherwise agree.
解除条件成就，相关的债务终止，除非双方另有约定。
CHAPTER 17 Capitalisation of Interest第十七章 利息本金化
Article 17:101: When Interest to be Added to Capital第17：101条 利息应记入本金
(1) Interest payable according to Article 9:508(1) is added to the outstanding capital every 12 months.
按照第第9：508条第一款应支付的利息每十二个月应记入未付清的本金之中。
(2) Paragraph (1) of this Article does not apply if the parties have provided for interest upon delay in payment.
如果双方就支付迟延利息有约定，前款不适用。
